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. 2019 Sep 27;20(19):4804. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194804

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effects of autophagy modulation on ultrastructure of RPE cells of 16-month-old (a–d) OXYS and (e–h) Wistar rats. Exposure to CQ significantly increased the number of autophagic compartments and phagosomes (red arrowheads) in the basal part of the RPE cell in (g) Wistar rats and to a lesser extent in (c) OXYS rats, indicating a decrease in the autophagic activity in OXYS rats. Lipofuscin-like aggregates (white asterisk in (i)) and autophagic compartments (black asterisk in (k)) were manually counted by (j,l) three different individuals. N, nucleus; Mi, examples of mitochondria; ApP, apical processes; BrM, Bruch’s membrane.