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Relationship between SAS/IH and insulin resistance/glucose intolerance/type 2 DM. IH in SAS patients induces a number of cellular responses, most of which worsen insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance (e.g., reduction of glucose-induced insulin secretion [31], upregulation of selenoprotein P [59], upregulation of adipokines such as CCL2, TNF-α, and resistin [75], and upregulation of myokines such as IL-8, osteonectin, and myonectin [84]), leading to type 2 DM.
