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. 2019 Sep 26;20(19):4778. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194778

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The mechanisms of tumor-promoting effects of chemerin in the esophageal carcinoma microenvironment. Chemerin is released from cancer-associated myofibroblasts (CAMs) and esophageal tumor cells and has autocrine and paracrine tumor-promoting effects in the esophageal carcinoma microenvironment. These include mediating mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transendothelial migration to the tumor site (A), tumor cell migration and invasion (B), and angiogenesis (C). In contrast, low chemerin concentrations inhibit MSC migration (D). ECM, extracellular matrix; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MIF, macrophage inhibitory factor; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NTM, normal tissue myofibroblasts; PKC, protein kinase C.