Table 1.

Toxins present in Yurok culturally significant species and environment, and symptoms.

Toxins	Symptoms
(N-Methyl) Carbamates	overstimulation of nerves, causing muscle weakness dizziness central nervous system depression and pulmonary edema in serious cases, and headache salivation, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain diarrhea
Dioxins/Furans	skin damage neurological and immune system impairments in infants endocrine system disruption and associated insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes, and increased cancers of breast, testes, prostate and thyroid attention deficiencies lowered intelligence quotient (IQ)
Mercury	damage to the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys impaired neurological development and reduced peripheral vision, “pins and needles” sensations, and muscle weakness including impairment of speech, hearing and walking
Microcystins	rash hepatotoxicity with associated vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, malaise, and muscle fasciculations abdominal breathing convulsions
Organochlorine Pesticides (1st group)	neurotoxicity and associated hyperexcitable state in the brain tremors seizures convulsions possible human carcinogen, with increased liver tumors and breast, testes, prostate and thyroid cancers immune disruption and associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma endocrine system disruption insulin resistance, obesity, and type II diabetes attention deficiencies lowered IQ
Organophosphate Pesticides (2nd group)	neurotoxicity and associated muscle weakness paralysis of the extremities headache muscle twitching seizures loss of consciousness, nausea and diarrhea respiratory depression and failure hypersecretion, with increased sweating, salivation, lacrimation and rhinorrhea increased incidence of Parkinson’s disease reduced levels of testosterone
Phenols including pentachlorophenol (PCP) and trichlorophenol (TCP)	thyroid endocrine system disruption, with associated insulin resistance, obesity and type II diabetes increased cancers, attention deficiencies, and lowered IQ