Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical features.
| HC | RRMS | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 40 | 45 | – |
| Age (years) | 42.7 ± 1.4 | 43.4 ± 1.4 | 0.71 |
| Female (%) | 63 | 73 | – |
| Disease Duration (years) | N/A | 7.9 ± 0.9 | – |
| EDSS | N/A | 2.0 ± 0.2 | – |
| MSSS | N/A | 3.1 ± 0.3 | – |
| Memory | 94.8 ± 2.3 | 88.0 ± 3.7 | 0.14 |
| Fluency | 96.0 ± 2.9 | 84.7 ± 2.7 | 0.005* |
| Visuospatial | 102.8 ± 0.6 | 99.8 ± 0.7 | 0.01* |
| Language | 91.3 ± 4.2 | 87.5 ± 3.3 | 0.5 |
| Attention | 99.8 ± 2.5 | 94.3 ± 2.0 | 0.07 |
| Total ARCS | 94.6 ± 2.7 | 86.8 ± 2.8 | 0.05* |
| SDMT | 59.1 ± 1.9 | 50.9 ± 1.6 | 0.00* |
| FAQ | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.004* |
| Depression | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 0.008* |
| Anxiety | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 0.013* |
| Stress | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 0.01* |
| Total DASS | 14.1 ± 2.4 | 26.4 ± 3.4 | 0.005* |
| Physical Fatigue | 5.8 ± 0.9 | 18.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001* |
| Cognitive Fatigue | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 16.3 ± 1.4 | <0.001* |
| Total Fatigue | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 34.4 ± 2.7 | <0.001* |
ARCS, Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen; DASS, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; EDSS, Expanded Disability Severity Scale; FAQ, Functional Assessment Questionnaire; HC, healthy control; MSSS, Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale; RRMS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test.
All data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean unless otherwise indicated.
*
Indicates significance (p-value ⩽ 0.05) using Mann–Whitney U tests.