Table 1.
Pyruvylated saccharides and positions of pyruvate found in the organisms described in this review.
| Organism | Saccharide (Stereochemistry) | Position of Pyr | Biological Significance * | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pyr-Saccharide | Pyr-Glycoconjugate | ||||
| Exopolysaccharides | |||||
| Xanthomonas spp. | Man (β) | 4,6 | Plant pathogenesis | [18,28,32] | |
| Xanthomonas campestris | Man (β) | 4,6 | Virulence | [18,28,32] | |
| Sinorhizobium meliloti | Glc (?) | ? | Glycan polymerization and export | [41] | |
| Rhizobium leguminosarum | Gal; Glc (β) | 4,6 | Signalling | [46] | |
| Agrobacterium sp. ZX09 | Glc (?) | ? | Plant symbiosis | [47] | |
| Escherichia coli | Gal (α) | 4,6 | Biofilm | [32,50] | |
| Burkholderia cepacia | Gal (α) | 4,6 | Pathogenesis | [53] | |
| Pseudomonas strain 1.15 | Gal (α) | 4,6 | [54] | ||
| Enterobacter amnigenus | Man (α) | 4,6 | [55] | ||
| Inquilinus limosus | Man (α); Glc (β) | 4,6 | Pathogenesis | [56] | |
| Azorhizobium caulinodans | Gal (α) | 4,6 | Plant symbiosis | [59] | |
| Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741 | Kdo (α) | 7,8 | [60] | ||
| Pediococcus pentosaceus | hexose (?) | ? | [61] | ||
| Erwinia futululu | Gal (α) | 4,6 | Pathogenesis | [63] | |
| Agrobacterium radiobacter ATCC 53271 | Glc (α) | 4,6 | [64] | ||
| Methylobacterium sp. | Gal (α) | 4,6 | [65] | ||
| Alteromonas macleodii subsp. fijiensis | Man (?) | 4,6 | [66,67] | ||
| Capsular polysaccharides | |||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Gal (α) | 2,3 | Immunostimulant | [74] | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | GalNAc (α) | 4,6 | Virulence | [78] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | GlcA (β) | 2,3 | Stimulation of immune system | [79] | |
| Klebsiella serotype K14 | Glc (β) | 4,6 | [82] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K12 | Galf (α) | 5,6 | [83] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K70 | Rha (α) | 3,4 | [84] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K64 | Gal (β) | 4,6 | [85] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K46 | Man (β) | 4,6 | [86] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K33 | Gal (β) | 3,4 | [87] | ||
| Klebsiella serotype K3 | Man (α) | 4,6 | Immunogenicity; binding to human mannose receptor | [89] | |
| Bacteroides fragilis | Gal (β) | 4,6 | Virulence | [7] | |
| Rhodococcus equi serotype 4 | RhoAc (α) | 7,9 | Pathogenesis | [95] | |
| Non-classical secondary cell wall polymers | |||||
| Bacillus anthracis | ManNAc (β) | 4,6 | Binding of SLH-proteins | [102] | |
| Bacillus cereus | ManNAc (β) | 4,6 | Binding of SLH-proteins | [17] | |
| Paenibacillus alvei | ManNAc (β) | 4,6 | Binding of SLH-proteins | [15] | |
| Lysinibacillus sphaericus CCM 2177 | ManNAc (β) | 4,6 | Binding of SLH-proteins | [121] | |
| Paenibacillus (Bacillus) polymyxa | ManNAc (β) | 4,6 | [130] | ||
| Secondary cell wall glycopolymers | |||||
| Promicromonospora citrea 665T | Kdn (α); Gal (α) | 7,9; 4,6 | [131] | ||
| Promicromonospora sp. VKM Ac-1028 | GlcA (β) | 2,3 | [131] | ||
| Nocardiopsis metallicus VKM Ac-2522T | Rib-ol-P (?) | 2,4 | [133] | ||
| Nocardiopsis halotolerans | GalNAc (?) | 4,6 | [133] | ||
| Brevibacterium iodinum VKM Ac-2106 | Man-ol; GalNAc (α) | 4,5; 4,6 | [135] | ||
| Lipopolysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides | |||||
| Pseudomonas stutzeri | Glc (β); GlcNAc (β) | 4,6 | Glycoconjugate biosynthesis | [4] | |
| Providencia alcalifaciens | GlcNAc (α) | 4,6 | Pathogenesis | [141] | |
| Shigella dysenteriae | Man (β) | 4,6 | Pathogenesis | [145] | |
| Proteus mirabilis O16 | GalNAc (α) | 4,6 | [147] | ||
| Raoultella terrigena | Man (β) | 4,6 | [146] | ||
| Cobetia pacifica KMM 3878 | Gal (β) | 3,4 | [148] | ||
| Mycobacterial glycolipids | |||||
| Mycobacterium smegmatis | Me-Glc (α) | 4,6 | [150] | ||
| Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare (MAI) serovar 8 | Me-Glc (α) | 4,6 | Immunostimulant | [151] | |
| MAI serovar 21 | Glc (α) | 4,6 | [151] | ||
| Pyruvylated glycoconjugates in eukaryotes | |||||
| Aplysia kurodai | Gal (β) | 3,4 | [152] | ||
| Schizosaccharomyces pombe | Gal (β) | 4,6 | Charge effect (mimic of sialylation?) | [9] | |
| Red algae | Gal (β) | 4,6 | Immunostimulant | [10,13,161,162] | |
| Green algae | Gal (?) | 3,4 | Anticoagulant | [11,12] | |
| Microciona prolifera | Gal (β) | 4,6 | Species-specific cell reaggregation | [163] | |
* The biological significance is given, when known. SLH: S-layer homology.