Figure 5.

Metabolic pathways and hormone dynamics during the four main developmental phase switches. The four phase switches are: the leaf explant-to-dedifferentiated cell switch occurring after one week in induction medium, the dedifferentiated cells-to-established primary callus cells switch occurring three months after induction, the embryogenic cell clusters-to-pro-embryogenic masses (PEMs) switch occurring after one week in redifferentiation medium, and the PEMs-to-embryonic cells switch occurring after four weeks in redifferentiation medium. Metabolic pathways were identified based on an enrichment in significantly over-accumulated and under-accumulated metabolites, i.e., Z-score > 1 and Z-score < −1, respectively. All presented hormones differ significantly in their levels according to a two-by-two Wilcoxon mean comparison test (P < 0.05). Values represent mean of ratios in hormone levels of independent replicates between a sampled stage and the previous one ± SD.