Table 2.
Significantly over-accumulated metabolites in the five developmental phases forming the Arabica SE process.
| Metabolic Pathways | Developmental Phases of Coffee Somatic Embryogenesis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaf | Dedifferentiation | Callus | Redifferentiation | Embryo | |
| TCA cycle | Aconitic acid | Aconitic acid | Fumaric acid | ||
| Citric acid | Malic acid | ||||
| Fumaric acid | Succinic acid | ||||
| Glutaric acid, 2-oxo- | |||||
| Malic acid | |||||
| Succinic acid | |||||
| Sugar metabolism | Glucose-6-phosphate | Glucose | Glucose-6-phosphate | Glucose-6-phosphate | |
| Mannose-6-phosphate | Fructose | Fructose-6-phosphate | Fructose-6-phosphate | ||
| Maltose | Maltotriose | Mannose-6-phosphate | Mannose-6-phosphate | ||
| Sucrose | Ribose | Ribose | Starch | ||
| Amino acid metabolism | Alanine, beta- | Alanine, beta- | Glycine | Leucine | Alanine |
| Aspartic acid | Aspartic acid | Methionine | Lysine | Glycine | |
| Asparagine | Proline | Proline | Leucine | ||
| Glycine | Lysine | ||||
| Glutamine | Methionine | ||||
| Valine | Proline | ||||
| Glutamate | |||||
| Fatty acid metabolism | Hexadecanoic acid | Glycerol | Glycerol-3-phosphate | Glycerol | |
| Octadecanoic acid | Glycerol-3-phosphate | ||||
| Glyceric acid | |||||
| Polyols | Inositol, myo- | Inositol, myo- | Inositol, myo- | ||
| Mannitol | |||||
| N-compounds | Putrescine | ||||
| Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism | Galactonic acid | Arabinonic acid | |||
| Threonic acid | Galactaric acid | ||||
| Galactonic acid | |||||
| Shikimate pathway | Quinic acid | Quinic acid | Tryptophan | Tryptophan | |
| Shikimic acid | Phenylalanine | Caffeic acid | |||
| Caffeic acid | Benzoic acid | ||||
| Alkaloid precursors | Nicotinic acid | Guanosine | |||
| Xanthosine | Xanthosine | ||||
| Inosine | |||||
| Alkaloids | Trigonelline | ||||
| Theobromine | |||||
| Caffeine | |||||
| Phenolic compounds | Mangiferin | 3-CQA | |||
| Catechin | 3,5-diCQA | ||||
| Epicatechin | 4-CQA | ||||
| 3-CQA | 4,5-diCQA | ||||
| 3,4-diCQA | 5-CQA | ||||
| 4-CQA | FQA | ||||
| FQA | |||||
All primary and secondary metabolites displaying significant increased values from their respective means across the 14 stages (Z-score > 1) were listed in this table and were classified according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database of metabolic pathways. CQA: caffeoylquinic acid, FQA: feruloylquinic acid, TCA: tricarboxylic acid.