Table 4.
Hormone dynamics during the five main developmental phases of the Arabica SE process.
| Hormones | Developmental Phases of Coffee Somatic Embryogenesis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaf > | Dedifferentiation > | Callus > | Redifferentiation > | Embryo | |
| ABA | 583 ± 72 a | 113 ± 16 b | 74 ± 12 b | 70 ± 12 b | 600 ± 55 a |
| ABAGE | 243 ± 45 a | 121 ± 36 a | 675 ± 41 b | 671 ± 77 b | 1230 ± 103 c |
| ACC | 1281 ± 173 a | 19491 ± 447 b | 3063 ± 272 a | 3179 ± 193 a | 3065 ± 169 a |
| IAA | 34 ± 6 a | 182 ± 27 b | 17 ± 7 a | 60 ± 8 c | 81 ± 19 c |
| IBA | N.D. a | 4345 ± 385 b | N.D. a | N.D. a | N.D. a |
| iP | N.D. a | 4557 ± 441 b | N.D. a | N.D. a | N.D. a |
| Z | 2 ± 1 a | 17 ± 3 b | 2 ± 1 a | N.D. a | 4 ± 2 b |
| ZR | 6 ± 3 a | 13 ± 3 a | 22 ± 4 b | 15 ± 5 a | 60 ± 6 c |
Values represent the mean of hormone levels, expressed in ng/g DW, in the sampled stages forming each of the five phases (Leaf, Dedifferentiation, Callus, Redifferentiation and Embryo) in three independent replicates ± SD. For each hormone, differences in levels between phases were analysed with a Kruskal-Wallis test. Data followed by different letters are significantly different according to Dunn post-hoc test (P < 0.05). Blue color corresponds to an increase in hormone levels between a phase and the previous one (column on the left) while grey color corresponds to a decrease in hormone levels. N.D. stands for not detected. ABA: cis-abscisic acid, ABAGE: ABA glucose ester, IAA: indole-3-acetic acid, IBA: indole 3-butyric acid, iP: isopentenyladenine, Z: zeatin (cis- and trans-), ZR: zeatin riboside (cis- and trans-).