Table 2.

Night-to-night associations of alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine intake and actigraphically measured sleep (n = 5164 days nested within 785 participants)

Behavioral predictors	Sleep duration (minutes) (95% CI)	WASO (minutes) (95% CI)	Sleep efficiency (%) (95% CI)
Alcohol use within 4 hours of bedtime	−3.62 (−14.37 to 7.14) p = 0.51	3.02 (−0.52 to 6.55) p = 0.09	−0.98 (−1.67 to −0.29) p = 0.005
Caffeine use within 4 hours of bedtime	−1.15 (−8.39 to 6.10) p = 0.76	1.13 (−1.25 to 3.52) p = 0.35	−0.15 (−0.62 to 0.31) p = 0.53
Nicotine use within 4 hours of bedtime	−12.97 (−28.53 to 2.59) p = 0.10	6.09 (0.82 to 11.35) p = 0.02	−1.74 (−2.79 to −0.68) p = 0.001

Significant p values are bolded. Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education, work/school next day, depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress.