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. 2019 Oct 14;10:1229. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01229

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Copyright © 2019 Kimono, Sarkar, Albadrani, Seth, Bose, Mondal, Li, Kar, Nagarkatti, Nagarkatti, Sullivan, Janulewicz, Lasley, Horner, Klimas and Chatterjee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Exposure to DAMPS and PAMPS cause activation of TLR4 in EGC. (A) TLR4 activation in rat Enteric Glial Cells (EGC) (n = 6). Colocalization of TLR4 and Flotillin in EGC treated with either vehicle control (VEH) or LPS, LPS + LPS-RS, HMGB-1 or HMGB1 + LPS-RS determined by immunofluorescence microscopy at (magnification 400X; scale 50 μm). (B) Quantitative morphometric analysis of TLR4/Flotillin colocalizations between red and green immunoreactivity were determined for every 100 cells per field. Fields were chosen randomly, and colocalizations represented as immunoreactivity in the region of interest (% ROI) (^∗P < 0.05).