Fig. 9.

P.g. LPS enhanced the expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages. a Cytokine array of cytokines and chemokines from the culture media of two different type of phenotypic THP1 cells. Conditioned media from non-PMA activated monocytes (NAMs; monocytes) and 100 nmol·L⁻¹ PMA activated monocytes (AMs; macrophages) were evaluated using a human cytokine array. b–d Relative mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. e–g Secreted TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 protein levels in the culture media by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 in one-way ANOVA. Results represent the means ± SD performed in triplicate