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. 2019 Sep 10;51(9):1–14. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0304-5

Fig. 1. Administration of IPA alleviates gut microbiota dysbiosis in rats fed a high-fat diet.

Fig. 1

Fecal samples of chow-fed, HFD-fed, and HFD-fed, IPA-treated rats were harvested at week 16. Genomic DNA was extracted from feces, and subsequent 16S rRNA-based gut microbial profiling was performed. a Schematic illustration showing the design of the in vivo experiment. b Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of an unweighted UniFrac distance matrix. c Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of a Bray–Curtis distance matrix. d UPGMA UniFrac clustering showing sample similarity. Relative abundance of taxa at the phylum level (e) and the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (f). g Heatmap showing the abundance of OTUs significantly altered by the HFD and reversed by IPA treatment. Representative bacterial taxa information (phylum, family, and genus) is shown. h The serum levels of IPA were quantified. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. n = 4–6, *P < 0.05, vs. rats fed a chow diet; #P < 0.05, vs. rats fed a high-fat diet