Table 3.
Unadjusted group means (standard deviations) of phonatory and respiratory measures for women and men.
| Condition by sex | Primary phonatory |
Secondary phonatory |
Primary respiratory |
Covariates |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rlaw (cmH2O/[L/s]) |
Ps (cmH2O) |
U (L/s) |
Ve (L/min) |
PETCO2 (mm Hg) |
f0 (Hz) |
SPL (dB) |
|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |
| Women | |||||||
| Rest–standing | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 11.9 (1.7) | 32.1 (2.5) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 62.6 (20.3) | 9.5 (2.3) | 0.16 (0.05) | 9.7 (2.9) | 34.0 (2.2) | 217.9 (21.0) | 86.5 (3.3) |
| Loud | 120.5 (45.8) | 16.5 (4.2) | 0.15 (0.05) | 10.6 (2.7) | 33.1 (2.0) | 240.7 (23.9) | 95.1 (2.7) |
| Low workload | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 36.1 (6.8) | 43.7 (3.0) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 69.8 (33.3) | 12.0 (3.4) | 0.20 (0.07) | 15.3 (4.5) | 54.5 (4.5) | 229.4 (29.2) | 91.3 (4.4) |
| Loud | 104.1 (40.5) | 17.0 (4.1) | 0.18 (0.06) | 16.4 (8.7) | 53.9 (4.1) | 255.2 (30.1) | 97.3 (3.6) |
| High workload | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 46.6 (8.9) | 45.2 (3.7) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 69.3 (28.6) | 12.7 (3.4) | 0.21 (0.07) | 18.0 (4.0) | 59.5 (5.3) | 237.2 (35.2) | 91.6 (3.9) |
| Loud | 92.7 (42.4) | 16.8 (5.6) | 0.20 (0.07) | 19.3 (13.7) | 59.1 (4.5) | 265.4 (36.0) | 97.3 (2.7) |
| Men | |||||||
| Rest–standing | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 12.7 (1.4) | 34.9 (1.5) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 40.6 (15.6) | 7.2 (0.8) | 0.19 (0.05) | 8.9 (3.1) | 36.7 (2.2) | 122.9 (14.5) | 94.0 (3.0) |
| Loud | 53.8 (25.7) | 14.5 (5.9) | 0.28 (0.02) | 8.5 (0.5) | 34.9 (2.4) | 162.5 (17.2) | 100.8 (1.4) |
| Low workload | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 43.0 (11.1) | 47.1 (4.3) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 28.0 (9.3) | 8.6 (1.0) | 0.33 (0.10) | 12.2 (3.2) | 58.3 (6.3) | 136.3 (26.5) | 97.6 (1.8) |
| Loud | 53.4 (25.0) | 18.4 (4.8) | 0.37 (0.09) | 13.4 (4.5) | 56.7 (5.0) | 172.3 (22.3) | 102.5 (2.1) |
| High workload | |||||||
| Quiet/silent | 57.8 (12.4) | 52.2 (6.8) | |||||
| Spontaneous | 24.6 (0.5) | 9.8 (3.2) | 0.33 (0.01) | 16.8 (3.1) | 62.9 (4.1) | 129.7 (13.6) | 97.4 (3.5) |
| Loud | 45.3 (32.2) | 15.8 (6.3) | 0.41 (0.14) | 22.4 (7.7) | 60.6 (4.6) | 193.6 (39.3) | 106.2 (0.6) |
Note. Rlaw = laryngeal airway resistance; Ps = estimated subglottal pressure; U = translaryngeal airflow; Ve = minute ventilation; PETCO2 = end-tidal carbon dioxide; f0 = fundamental frequency; SPL = sound pressure level.