Table 3.

Determinants of overall mortality

Variable	Univariate HR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate HR (95% CI)	P value
Age*	1.10 (1.08 to 1.12)	<0.001	1.08 (1.06 to 1.10)	<0.001
Sex (male)	0.44 (0.28 to 0.68)	<0.001
Clinical evolution
Tophi only or mono	1
Oligo	1.18 (0.66 to 2.10)	0.584
Polyarticular	2.04 (1.15 to 3.59)	0.014
Disease duration*	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)	0.491
Number of flares in the previous year	1.03 (1.01 to 1.06)	0.002
sUA (baseline)*	1.33 (1.22 to 1.46)	<0.001	1.21 (1.10 to 1.33)	<0.001
Tophi	2.21 (1.61 to 3.02)	<0.001
Radiological assessment
Normal	1
Joint damage	1.79 (1.13 to 2.84)	0.013
Comorbidity and risk factors
BMI	0.98 (0.94 to 1.03)	0.486
Creatinine (baseline)*	1.21 (1.10 to 1.32)	<0.001
Ethanol consumption	0.44 (0.29 to 0.67)	<0.001
Hypertension	4.23 (2.89 to 6.17)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	2.64 (1.91 to 3.64)	<0.001
Hyperlipidaemia	0.68 (0.49 to 0.94)	0.020
Previous CV event	6.22 (4.44 to 8.71)	<0.001	2.70 (1.82 to 3.98)	<0.001
Diuretic treatment	5.55 (3.99 to 7.71)	<0.001
Kaiser strata
Without risk factors	1
1–2 chronic diseases	2.16 (0.44 to 10.7)	0.345
3–4 chronic diseases	3.20 (0.69 to 14.8)	0.137
≥5 chronic diseases	9.97 (2.28 to 43.6)	0.002
Follow-up and treatment
Prophylaxis
None	1
Anakinra	0.51 (0.10 to 2.66)	0.429
Colchicine	0.76 (0.30 to 1.97)	0.578
Prednisone	2.10 (0.50 to 8.83)	0.310
Cochicine
No	1
Yes	1.29 (0.86 to 1.94)	0.213
First-line treatment
Without treatment	1
Allopurinol	0.34 (0.19 to 0.62]	<0.001
Benzbromarone	0.46 (0.24 to 0.87]	0.017
Febuxostat	0.79 (0.38 to 1.64]	0.536
Urate-lowering drugs	0.92 (0.67 to 1.26)	0.606
sUA levels achieved
Yes	1
No	2.95 (2.05 to 4.26)	<0.001	2.33 (1.60 to 3.41)	<0.001
Cohort entry (year period)
1991–2000	1
2001–2010	1.78 (1.17 to 2.71)	0.007	1.14 (0.74 to 1.78)1	0.546
2011–2017	2.68 (1.67 to 4.31)	<0.001	1.17 (0.70 to 1.95)	0.543

*Per unit (year, mg/dL).

BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; sUA, serum uric acid.