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Trend representing the use of substitutes for AVR in endocarditis from 2005 to 2011 in USA (STS database). (A) Native aortic valve endocarditis and (B) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. The P value for the usage trends in both groups was <0.001. (biologic = squares; mechanical = triangles; homograft = x; other = star). Reproduced with permission from Savage et al. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;98:806-14.
