Coco 2003.

Methods	Study design: parallel RCT Duration of study: 1 August 1999 to 30 November 2000 Duration of follow‐up: 3 years
Participants	Country: USA Setting: single centre Inclusion criteria: adult transplant recipients who were haemodynamically stable perioperatively Number: treatment group (31); control group (28) Mean age ± SD (years): treatment group (43.8 ± 2.3); control group (44.3 ± 2.3) Sex (M/F): treatment group (12/19); control group (19/9) Exclusion criteria: pregnancy; inability to return to follow up; participation in another study
Interventions	Treatment group Pamidronate (parenteral): 60 mg within 48 hours of transplantation followed by 30 mg at months 1, 2, 3 and 6 Control group No treatment Co‐interventions Vitamin D or analogue Oral calcium carbonate
Outcomes	Biochemical parameters including vitamin D, iPTH, serum osteocalcin, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, and urinary N‐telopeptide Bone histomorphometry measured and calculated according to the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research BMD of vertebral spine (L1 to L4) and hip by DEXA Incidence of fracture at any site Graft function Mortality
Notes	Funding source: not reported Trial registration: not applicable at trial published before end of 2005
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated number system
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	IV versus oral therapy. Unlikely to be blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	13 out of 72 patients did not complete the study and their data were excluded from analysis
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Did not report patient‐level outcomes including graft function or fracture. No protocol published before published trial was completed
Other bias	High risk	Imbalance in gender and time on dialysis between treatment groups