Omidvar 2011.

Methods	Study design: active comparator, parallel RCT Duration of study: not reported Duration of follow‐up: 3 months
Participants	Country: Iran Setting: single centre Inclusion criteria: kidney transplant recipients > 20 years; T‐score < ‐2 (lumbar spine, femoral neck or total hip) Number: treatment group (20); control group (20) Mean age, range (years): treatment group (38.5, 20 to 57); control group (37.2, 20 to 58) Sex (M/F): treatment group (13/7); control group (14/6) Exclusion criteria: history of hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcaemia, hypercalcaemia, fracture in the past 2 years; incapability to sit for > 30 minutes; active gastric ulcer; achalasia; scleroderma; any oesophageal abnormalities with delay in oesophageal emptying
Interventions	Treatment group Pamidronate (IV): 90 mg from the 3rd week post transplant Control group Alendronate (oral): 70 mg/week Co‐interventions Calcitriol Calcium carbonate
Outcomes	Change in BMD in lumbar spine, femur +/‐ femoral neck at 6 months Kidney function (eGFR) Serum calcium
Notes	Funding source: grant from Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Trial registration: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Comparing intravenous with oral medication. Although stated that investigators were blinded to treatment allocation, patients were unblinded and nature of interventions meant that blinding was unlikely.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	All 40 patients completed study
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Patient important outcomes were not all reported in systematic way
Other bias	Low risk	No additional threats to validity identified