Table 1.

Studies in the review (n = 18) categorized by approach to patient involvement in QI and by organizational level of application, as proposed by Gustavsson3

Organizational level(s) of patient involvement in QI	Patient involvement approach	Studies (n = 18)
Individual level (n = 2)	Patient‐centred care51, 52 (n = 1)	Benzo et al (2013)42
	Family‐centred care53, 54, 55 (n = 0)
	Person‐centred care56, 57 (n = 0)
	Patient participation58 (n = 0)
	Co‐creation59 (n = 1)	Olsson et al (2014)33
Individual and group level (n = 2)	Co‐production60 (n = 2)	Robben et al (2012)34 Worswick et al (2015)43
Individual, group, governance and management, and societal level (n = 14)	Patient engagement61, 62 (n = 4)	Armstrong et al (2013)44 Lachman et al (2015)35 Pittens et al (2015)36 Rise et al (2014)37
	Co‐design4, 5 (n = 10)	Boaz et al (2016)38 Boivin et al (2014)39 de Souza et al (2017)45 Gustavsson (2014)40 Lavoie‐Tremblay et al (2014)46 Locock et al (2014)47 Morrison & Dearden (2013)48 Noergaard et al (2016)41 Tollyfield (2014)49 Tsianakas et al (2012)50

Studies concerned one, two or all four of these organizational levels: (1) The individual level (activities concerning an individual's own care).51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 (2) The group level (service delivery activities).60 (3) The governance and management level (being part of leadership and management).61, 62 (4) The societal level (co‐researching, policy‐making).61, 62