TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics and clinical assessments.
| NC (n = 35) | FOG− (n = 35) | FOG+ (n = 33) | Statistical p | |
| Age (years) | 59.57 ± 5.94 | 62.60 ± 10.22 | 68.91 ± 8.17 | 0.0001a#Δ |
| (range) | (47∼81) | (35∼82) | (54∼85) | |
| Sex (female/male) | 24/11 | 16/19 | 12/21 | 0.0232b |
| Education length (years) | 11.08 ± 2.84 | 9.73 ± 3.21 | 10.64 ± 3.93 | 0.2416a |
| Disease duration (years) | NA | 3.30 ± 3.04 | 5.81 ± 3.88 | 0.0077c |
| H&Y scores | NA | 2.03 ± 0.52 | 2.70 ± 0.74 | 0.000c |
| GFQ (OFF medication) | NA | 3.03 ± 2.57 | 17.41 ± 12.43(n = 32) | <0.0001c |
| FOGQ (OFF medication) | NA | 1.29 ± 1.32(n = 34) | 10.55 ± 6.41(n = 31) | <0.0001c |
| UPDRS-III (ON medication) | NA | 27.48 ± 13.36 | 31.80 ± 18.35 | 0.2830c |
| MMSE | 27.88 ± 2.10 | 26.09 ± 3.95 | 25.39 ± 4.24 | 0.0153a*# |
| MOCA | 25.80 ± 3.13 | 22.82 ± 5.08 | 22.29 ± 4.90 | 0.0034a*# |
| LEDD | NA | 319 ± 131 | 591 ± 387 | 0.0004c |
| Mean FD (mm) | 0.088 ± 0.064 | 0.076 ± 0.015 | 0.097 ± 0.069 | 0.2096a |
NC, normal controls; FOG+/FOG−, Parkinson’s disease with/without freezing of gait; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; FOGQ, freezing of gait questionnaire; GFQ, gait and falls questionnaire; UPDRS-III, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (part three); MMSE, mini-mental state examination; MOCA, montreal cognitive assessment; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; FD, framewise displacement; NA, not applicable. Data are given as mean ± standard deviation. aStatistical p-value by one-way ANOVA test. bStatistical p-value by chi-square test. cStatistical p-value by two-sample t-test. ∗Significant group differences between NC and FOG− indicated by post hoc comparisons. #Significant group differences between NC and FOG+ indicated by post hoc comparisons. ΔSignificant group differences between FOG− and FOG+ indicated by post hoc comparisons. Statistical significance level p < 0.05 for all tests.