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. 2019 Oct 15;10:2398. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02398

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Copyright © 2019 Kimenyi, Wamae and Ochola-Oyier.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Progression from asymptomatic to clinical malaria. Developing clinical malaria following an asymptomatic infection is influenced by host, parasite, and environmental factors. As individuals age and transmission intensity increases, the risk of developing clinical malaria decreases. This is primarily due to the development of acquired immunity in malaria endemic areas where exposure to repeated infection is common. An increase in parasitemia increases the risk of developing clinical malaria, while acquisition of new parasite clones increases the risk of developing symptoms due to lack of protective immunity against the new clones.