Table 1.
Background characteristics of the study groups.
| Holocaust survivors with probable PTSD dyads | Holocaust survivors without PTSD dyads | Comparison dyads | Comparison tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 43 | 161 | 137 | |
| Parents | ||||
| Mean age (SD) | 83.58a(5.12) | 82.63a(5.84) | 80.05b(6.10) | F(2,338) = 9.68, p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.05 |
| Gender (%) | χ2(2) = 1.80, p = 0.40 | |||
| Woman | 72.1 | 62.1 | 67.2 | |
| Man | 27.9 | 37.9 | 32.8 | |
| Education (%) | χ2(4) = 32.99, p < 0.0001, ϕc = 0.31 | |||
| Below high school | 67.4 | 44.4 | 25.2 | |
| Full high school | 16.3 | 24.4 | 21.5 | |
| Above high school | 16.3 | 31.3 | 53.3 | |
| Marital status (%) | χ2(8) = 11.24, p = 0.18 | |||
| Married | 39.5 | 46.9 | 55.5 | |
| Widowed | 58.1 | 45.6 | 39.4 | |
| Divorced | 0.0 | 5.6 | 2.2 | |
| Single | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | |
| Partner | 0.0 | 1.3 | 2.2 | |
| Mean self-rated economic status (SD) | 3.07a(0.70) | 3.51b(0.77) | 3.63b(0.86) | F(2,335) = 8.03, p < 0.0001, η2 = 0.04 |
| Offspring | ||||
| Mean age (SD) | 56.20a (5.68) | 55.06a,b (6.07) | 53.50b(5.57) | F(2,338) = 4.56, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.02 |
| Gender (%) | χ2(2) = 0.63, p = 0.72 | |||
| Woman | 67.4 | 62.1 | 65.7 | |
| Man | 32.6 | 37.9 | 34.3 | |
| Education (%) | χ2(4) = 1.80, p = 0.77 | |||
| Below high school | 2.3 | 1.9 | 4.4 | |
| Full high school | 20.9 | 18.9 | 19.7 | |
| Above high school | 76.7 | 79.2 | 75.9 | |
| Marital status (%) | χ2(8) = 8.36, p = 0.39 | |||
| Married | 83.7 | 84.7 | 85.3 | |
| Widowed | 4.7 | 0.6 | 2.9 | |
| Divorced | 9.3 | 11.5 | 5.9 | |
| Single | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.9 | |
| Partner | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.9 | |
| Mean self-rated economic status (SD) | 3.69(0.80) | 3.84(0.80) | 3.97(0.84) | F(2,337) = 2.27, p = 0.10 |
When the F test was significant, we performed a post hoc Bonferroni test to assess main effect differences. The superscript letters (a and b) represent means that significantly differ from each other in the post hoc tests (i.e., if one mean is marked with “a” and another mean is marked with “b,” these two means are significantly different from each other).