Table 2.
Results of univariate analyses of covariance comparing groups on successful aging, perceived parental rearing behaviors, secondary traumatization, and depressive symptoms.
| Variable | OHS with parental PTSD | OHS without parental PTSD | Comparisons without parental PTSD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F | p | η 2 | |
| Successful aging | −0.26 (0.92)a | −0.09 (0.70)a | 0.20 (0.56)b | 8.80 | <0.0001 | 0.051 |
| Role reversal | 2.59 (0.84)a | 2.20 (0.73)b | 2.06 (0.74)b | 6.83 | 0.001 | 0.041 |
| Affection | 3.21 (1.02) | 3.10 (1.08) | 3.12 (1.17) | 0.16 | 0.849 | 0.001 |
| Punishing | 2.10 (0.74) | 1.91 (0.69) | 1.90 (0.74) | 1.21 | 0.299 | 0.007 |
| Over-involvement | 3.54 (0.77) | 3.33 (1.00) | 3.27 (0.95) | 1.17 | 0.309 | 0.007 |
| Secondary traumatization | 32.37 (11.22)a | 26.96 (9.90)b | 24.54 (8.62)b | 9.32 | <0.0001 | 0.055 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.61 (0.77)a | 1.35 (0.57)b | 1.22 (0.46)b | 6.98 | 0.001 | 0.042 |
n is 43, 161, and 137 for OHS with parental PTSD, OHS without parental PTSD, and comparisons, respectively. Means are adjusted for parental and offspring age, parental and offspring gender, parental education level, and self-rated economic status. Means that do not share letters significantly differ from each other in a post-hoc Bonferroni test.