Table 1.
Studies on attachment and substance use disorders.
| Authors, Year | Age group | Sample | N/controls | Substances | Severity | Method | Measure of attachment | Main attachment pattern |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delvecchio et al. (42) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 40/— | Illicit drugs | Addiction | CS | AAP | Unresolved |
| Amman (43) | Adolescent | Clinical, TSUD | 15/15 | Unspec. | Addiction | CS | AAI | Dismissing, cannot classify, unresolved |
| Branstetter et al. (44) | Adolescent | Nonclinical | 200/— | Unspec. | Abuse | Long. | AAI, HSSR | Insecure (mediated by maternal monitoring) |
| Melnick et al. (35), Finger (45) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 62/87 | Heroin | Addiction | CS | AAI | Hostile–helpless |
| Caspers et al. (46), Caspers et al. (47) | Adult | Nonclinical, adoptees | 208/— | Unspec. | Use/abuse | CS | AAI | Insecure |
| Riggs and Jacobvitz (48) | Adult | Nonclinical, expect. parents | 233/26 | Unspec. | Abuse | CS | AAI | Unresolved |
| Fonaghy et al. (49) | Adult | Clinical, psychiatric | 82/37 | Unspec. | Abuse | CS | AAI | Unresolved, preoccupied |
| Rosenstein and Horowitz (50) | Adolescent | Clinical, psychiatric | 60/29 | Unspec. | Abuse | CS | AAI | Dismissing, preoccupied |
| Allen et al. (51) | Adolescent | Clinical, psychiatric | 66/76 | Illicit dr. | Abuse | CS (Long.) | AAI | Dismissing |
| Finzi-Dottan et al. (52) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 56/56 | Heroin | Addiction | CS | HSSR | Avoidant |
| Cooper et al. (41) | Adolescent | Nonclinical | 2011/1151 | Unspec. | Use/abuse | CS | HSSR | Secure vs. anxious |
| Mickelson et al. (53) | 15–54 y | Nonclinical, representative | 8089/2876 | Unspec. | Abuse | CS | HSSR | Avoidant (anxious) |
| Brennan and Shaver (54) | Young adult | Nonclinical, college | 242/178 | Alcohol | Use | CS | HSSR | Avoidant |
| Senchak and Leonard (55) | Young adult | Nonclinical | 644/— | Alcohol | Use/abuse | CS | HSSR | Men: avoidant, women: unrelated |
| Durjava (56) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 54/54 | Heroin | Addiction | CS | AAS | Insecure |
| Unterrainer et al. (57) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 19/40 | Heroin | Addiction | CS | AAS | Anxious |
| Mortazavi et al. (58) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 60/60 | Opium | Addiction | CS | AAS | Insecure |
| Shin et al. (59) | Adult | Nonclinical, male | 141/— | Alcohol | Abuse | CS | AAS | Anxious |
| Kassel et al. (60) | Young adult | Nonclinical, college | 212/— | Unspec. | Abuse | CS | AAS | Anxious |
| Vaz-Serra et al. (61) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD, male | 56/56 | Alcohol | Addiction | CS | AAS | Anxious |
| Gidhagen et al. (62) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 108/— | Unspec. | Addiction | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied, dismissing) |
| Le et al. (63) | Adult | Primary care | 348/— | Alcohol | Abuse | CS | BSR | Anxiety dimension |
| Schindler and Sack (64) | Adult | Clinical, psychiatric | 36/21 | Unspec. | Abuse/Addiction | CS | BAI | Fearful (dismissing) |
| Wedekind et al. (65) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 59/— | Alcohol | Addiction | CS | BSR | Insecure |
| Jenkins and Tonigan (66) | Adult | Alcoholics Anonymous | 253/— | Alcohol | Addiction | CS (Long.) | BSR | Anxiety dimension |
| Harnic et al. (67) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 40/— | Alcohol | Addiction | CS | BSR | Preoccupied |
| Molnar et al. (68) | Young adult | Clinical, TSUD | 213/696 | Alcohol | Abuse | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied, dismissing) |
| DeRick and Vanhuele (69), DeRick et al. (70) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 101/— | Alcohol | Addiction | CS | BSR | Insecure |
| Schindler et al. (71) | 14–29 y | Clinical, TSUD | 94/72 | Heroin/XTC/THC | Addiction/abuse | CS | BAI | Fearful vs. insecure vs. dismissing |
| Doumas et al. (72) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 46/— | Unspec. | Addiction | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied, dismissing) |
| Thorberg and Livers (18) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 99/58 | Unspec. | Addiction | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied, dismissing) |
| Schindler et al. (1) | 14–25 y | Clinical, TSUD | 71/71 | Heroin | Addiction | CS | BAI | Fearful |
| Vungkhanching et al. (73) | Young adult | Nonclinical, College | 369/— | Alcohol | Abuse | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied, dismissing) |
| McNally et al. (74) | Young adult | Nonclinical, College | 366/366 | Alcohol | Use | CS | BSR | Fearful (preoccupied) |
| Zeid et al. (75) | Adult | Clinical, TSUD | 149/92 | Alcohol/. opiates | Addiction | CS | ACIQ | Insecure (no difference between groups) |
| Zhai et al. (76) | 10–22 y | Nonclinical | 694/— | Unspec. | Abuse | Long. | YAPS | Insecure |
| Danielsson et al. (77) | Adolescent | Nonclinical, community | 1222/— | Unspec. | Use/abuse | Long. | IPPA | Insecure |
TSUD, treatment of SUD; Unspec., substances not specified; CS, cross-sectional; Long., longitudinal; XTC, ecstasy; THC, cannabis; AAI, Adult Attachment Interview; AAP, Adult Attachment Projective; AAS, Adult Attachment Scale; ACIQ, Attachment and Clinical Issues Questionnaire; BSR, Bartholomew Self-report (RQ, RSQ, ECR); BAI, Bartholomew Attachment Interview; HSSR, Hazan & Shaver Self-report; IPPA, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment; YAPS, Youth Attachment to Parents Scale.