Table 3.

Effects of job stressors and resources on health-related productivity losses

Dependent variable	Health-related productivity losses (in % of working time)
	CS-1	CS-2	CS-3	CS-4	CS-5	FE-5		CS-6	FE-6
Job resources (${\dot{R}}^j$)	− 1.716*** (0.597)	− 1.528** (0.647)	− 1.558** (0.619)	− 1.546** (0.616)	− 1.310** (0.625)	− 1.208 (1.282)	${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{social}}$	− 0.997* (0.572)	− 1.021 (1.096)
Job stressors (${\dot{S}}^j$)	4.442*** (0.651)	4.864*** (0.655)	4.071*** (0.675)	4.049*** (0.673)	4.009*** (0.674)	3.812*** (1.222)	${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{task}}$	− 0.405 (0.408)	− 0.378 (1.389)
							${\dot{S}}^{j,\text{social}}$	1.929*** (0.412)	2.621** (1.157)
							${\dot{S}}^{j,\text{task}}$	1.346** (0.561)	2.155** (1.071)
Region FEs (canton)	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Socio-econ. and job char.	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Private stressors	–	–	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Chronic diseases	–	–	–	Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes	Yes
Self-efficacy					− 0.927** (0.435)			− 0.864*** (0.334)
Year and individual FEs	–	–	–	–	–	Yes		–	Yes
Mean (SD)	14 (24)	14 (24)	14 (24)	14 (24)	14 (24)	14 (24)		14 (24)	14 (24)
Number of observations	3381	3381	3381	3381	3381	3026		3381	3026
Number of regressors	2	79	82	90	91	72		93	74
Adjusted R2	0.054	0.082	0.132	0.137	0.138	–		0.143	–
p value (F statistic)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001
ρ	–	–	–	–	–	0.767		–	0.766
Estimation method	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	OLS	FE		OLS	FE
Data	Wave 1	Wave 1	Wave 1	Wave 1	Wave 1	Wave 1–2		Wave 1	Wave 1–2
Elasticity ${ϵ}_{\text{r}}$	− 0.695	− 0.618	− 0.631	− 0.626	− 0.53	− 0.527	${ϵ}_{\text{r,social}}$	− 0.472	− 0.418
Elasticity ${ϵ}_{\text{s}}$	1.211	1.326	1.11	1.104	1.093	1.099	${ϵ}_{\text{r,task}}$	− 0.169	− 0.155
							${ϵ}_{\text{s,social}}$	0.302	0.483
							${ϵ}_{\text{s,task}}$	0.799	0.721

Robust standard errors are given in parentheses. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.01. ${\dot{R}}^j$ and ${\dot{S}}^j$ are the standardized values of job resources and stressors. ${\dot{S}}^{j,\text{task}},{\dot{S}}^{j,\text{social}},{\dot{R}}^{j,\text{task}}$ and ${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{social}}$ are the standardized values of task-related stressors, social stressors, task-related resources and social resources. Columns CS-1 to CS-6 show OLS estimates based on the wave 1 cross-sectional data. Columns FE-5 and FE-6 show fixed effects (FE) estimates based on the longitudinal wave 1–2 panel data while applying inverse-probability-of-attrition weighting. ${ϵ}_{\text{s}}$ and ${ϵ}_{\text{r}}$ denote the elasticity of health-related productivity losses with respect to job stressors and resources. The p values for the hypothesis: ${\dot{S}}^{j,\text{task}}={\dot{S}}^{j,\text{social}}$ and ${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{task}}=R^{j,\text{social}}$ are 0.586 and 0.362 for CS-6, and 0.780 and 0.327 for FE-6. The statistical power to detect the effect of ${\dot{R}}^j$ (in FE-5), ${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{social}}$ and ${\dot{R}}^{j,\text{task}}$ (in FE-6) is only 46%, 45% and 23%, respectively