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. 2019 Oct 21;10:4792. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12702-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — PDGu(7)-b-PBLK(13) targets bacterial cell envelope. It accumulates in MRSA USA300 cell envelope, mildly (at MIC) permeabilizing the membrane but significantly weakening cell wall/membrane attachment. a Confocal microscopy images of copolymer-treated MRSA USA300. From left to right: rhodamine-labeled copolymer channel, FM1-43-labeled bacteria membrane channel, superimposed images from both channels, respectively. b Flow cytometry study of propidium iodide-stained MRSA USA300. From top to bottom: live bacteria control, bacteria treated with 1× MIC PDGu(7)-b-PBLK(13), 4× MIC PDGu(7)-b-PBLK(13), 1× MIC PBLK(20), and 4× MIC PBLK(20). c DiSC₃5 membrane depolarization assay. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. d–f Cryo-TEM image of polymer treated MRSA USA300. d PDGu(7)-b-PBLK(13) treated bacteria with enlarged periplasmic space and vacuole structure formation; e untreated control; f PBLK(20)-treated bacteria with cell lysis