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. 2019 Oct 21;9:15087. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51614-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

The schematic of the anti-inflammatory activities of procyanidin A1 in vitro. Procyanidin A1 (PCA1) exerts anti-inflammatory activity, which decreases calcium exclusion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through NF-kB, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO-1pathways. LPS, lipopolysaccharides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; NO, nitric oxide; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; IL-6, interleukin-6; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1.