Table 1.
Domain | Paradigm | Metacognitive measure | Description of paradigm |
---|---|---|---|
Memory | Repeated Checking Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants manipulate different objects (e.g. light switches) and rate their memory confidence. The effects of repeated checking on memory confidence are assessed. |
Repeated Cleaning Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants clean different objects and rate their memory confidence in cleaning those objects. The effects of repeated cleaning on memory confidence are assessed. | |
Verbal Memory Task | Confidence level and FOK/JOL measures (N-BF)a | Participants memorize words and after a time interval perform a recall or recognition and rate their memory confidence. | |
Visual Memory Task | Confidence level and FOK/JOL measures (N-BF)a | Participants memorize visual stimuli and after a time interval perform a recall or recognition and rate their memory confidence. | |
False-Memory Task | Confidence level, confidence in errors and discrimination (N-BF) | Most studies made use of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Word lists are presented and after a time interval a recognition test with old and new words (i.e. lure words) is administered and memory confidence is asked. | |
Source-Monitoring Task | Confidence level, confidence in errors and discrimination (N-BF) | A wordlist is presented and participants create semantic associations for each word. Afterwards, participants recognize original (old) and self-created (new) words, their source (i.e. experimenter or self) and rate their memory confidence. | |
Perception | Perceptual Decision Making Task | Confidence level (N-BF), metacognitive sensitivity (i.e. meta-d’) and efficiency (i.e. meta-d’/d’) (BF) | Participants make a two-alternative decision about perceptual stimuli (i.e. which box contains most dots) and rate their confidence in each decision. |
General Knowledge | General Knowledge Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants answer general knowledge questions and rate their level of confidence. |
Action | Muscle Tension Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants produce certain levels of muscle tension and rate their confidence about their subjective muscle tension estimates. |
Other | Predictive Inference Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants predict the position of a certain particle and state their confidence in their prediction, while the environment is changing over time. |
Wisconsin Card Sorting Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants figure out a sorting rule and rate their confidence in this rule. The sorting rule changes over time and the participants have to relearn the rule. | |
Emotion Task | Confidence level (N-BF) | Participants recognize facial emotions and state their confidence. |
Most tasks involve retrospective confidence judgements after every decision or action
FOK feeling of knowing, JOL judgement of learning, N-BF non bias free, BF bias free
aTask paradigm that uses both prospective and retrospective confidence judgments