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. 2019 Oct 15;6:152. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00152

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Copyright © 2019 Ali, Nielsen, Abd-El Aal, El-Leboudy, Saleh and LaPointe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of L. helveticus LH-2 and L. acidophilus La-5 CFSM on virulence gene expression of S. Typhimurium DT104 and S. Typhimurium oppA mutant. Expression ratios of hilA and ssrB genes of S. Typhimurium were normalized to the expression of the geometric average of regulator genes 16S rRNA, rpoD, gmk to obtain the fold-change and compared with those of the non-fermented media.