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. 2019 Oct 15;6:152. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00152

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Copyright © 2019 Ali, Nielsen, Abd-El Aal, El-Leboudy, Saleh and LaPointe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bovine α_s1-casein derived peptides identified in non-fermented WPI and WPI fermented with L. helveticus LH-2 and L. acidophilus La-5. Negative charged amino acids (Aspartate D, glutamate E) are in italics, Glycine G, Proline P, and Glutamine Q at position 4, 5, or 6 are marked with bold. P at second position is marked with bold and underline. VPP and IPP are inverse colors (white characters on black background). Phosphorylation sites are marked with a black dot above the serine. Cleavage sites of endogenous milk proteases are adapted from Baum et al. (34) and are marked with colored vertical arrows.