Table 6.
Bioactive peptides identified in Control WPI and WPI fermented with L. helveticus LH-2 and L. acidophilus La-5 strains by searching the Milk Bioactive Peptide Database with the reported function of the identified peptides.
| Protein | Peptide | Function | Control | LH-2 | La-5 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bovine β-CN | RELEELNVPGEIVE | ACE-inhibitory | X | (36) | ||
| ELQDKIHPF | ACE-inhibitory | X | (37) | |||
| SLVYPFPGPIPN | ACE-inhibitory | X | (38) | |||
| LVYPFPGPIPN | ACE-inhibitory | X | (39) | |||
| VYPFPGPI | Prolyl endopeptidase-inhibitory | X | (40) | |||
| VYPFPGPIPN | Antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory | X | (41) | |||
| SLPQNIPPLTQTPV | ACE-inhibitory | X | (42) | |||
| SLPQNIPPLTQTPVVVPPFLQPEVM | ACE-inhibitory | X | (36) | |||
| LPQNIPPL | Antidiabetic | X | (43) | |||
| TQTPVVVPPFLQPE | Antioxidant | X | (44) | |||
| GVSKVKEAMAPK | Antioxidant | X | X | X | (45) | |
| VKEAMAPK | Antibacterial,!!break Antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory | X | (45–47) | |||
| HKEMPFPKYPVEPF | Opioid | X | (48) | |||
| EMPFPKYPVEPF | ACE-inhibitory | X | (49) | |||
| NLHLPLPLLQ | ACE-inhibitory | X | X | (50) | ||
| MHQPHQPLPPT | Antirotaviral Activity | X | (51) | |||
| HQPHQPLPPT | Immunomodulatory | X | (52) | |||
| SLSQSKVLPVPQ | Antioxidant | X | (53) | |||
| SQSKVLPVPQ | ACE-inhibitory | X | X | (54) | ||
| RDMPIQAF | ACE-inhibitory | X | (42) | |||
| LLYQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | ACE-inhibitory, Immunomodulatory, Antithrombin, Antimicrobial | X | (55–57) | |||
| LYQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | Mitogen | X | (58) | |||
| YQEPVLGPVRGPFP | ACE-inhibitory | X | (59) | |||
| YQEPVLGPVRGPFPI | Antimicrobial | X | (56, 60) | |||
| YQEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | Immunomodulatory, Antimicrobial | X | (61) | |||
| QEPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | ACE-inhibitory, Antioxidant | X | (59, 62) | |||
| EPVLGPVRGPFPIIV | ACE-inhibitory | X | (45) | |||
| DKIHPFA | ACE-inhibitory | X | (63) | |||
| YPFPGPIHNSLPQ | Opioid | X | (64) | |||
| LPQNIPPLTQTPV | Antidiabetic, ACE-inhibitory | X | (43, 65) | |||
| IPPLTQTPVVVPP | ACE-inhibitory | X | (66) | |||
| TPVVVPPFL | ACE-inhibitory | X | (37, 67) | |||
| PVVVPPFLQPE | Antimicrobial | X | (60) | |||
| DVENLHLPLPL | ACE-inhibitory | X | X | (68) | ||
| LHLPLPLLQS | ACE-inhibitory | X | (69) | |||
| HLPLPLLQ | Enteric nervous system development | X | (70) | |||
| SLSQSKVLPVPQK | Antioxidant | X | (53) | |||
| LPVPQKAVPYPQ | Antioxidant | X | (71) | |||
| Bovine αs1-CN | EVLNENLLRF | ACE-inhibitory | X | (72) | ||
| FVAPFPEVFGK | ACE-inhibitory | X | (73) | |||
| VAPFPEVFGKE | ACE-inhibitory | X | (74) | |||
| VPQLEIVPNSAEER | Mineral carriers, anti-caries activity | X | (75) | |||
| Bovine αs2-CN | LYQGPIVLNPWDQVK | ACE-inhibitory | X | (65) | ||
| NAVPITPT | ACE-inhibitory | X | (65) | |||
| NAVPITPTL | Antioxidative | X | (76) | |||
| Bovine κ-CN | YYQQKPVA | Antibacterial | X | (77) | ||
| MAIPPKKNQDKTEIPTIN | Antithrombotic, Antibacterial | X | (78) | |||
| TVQVTSTAV | Antibacterial | X | (77, 78) | |||
| EIPTINT | Antibacterial | X | (77) | |||
| EVIESPPEINTVQVT | ACE-inhibitory, zinc-chelation | X | (79) | |||
| Bovine β-LG | IIAEKTKIPA | ACE-inhibitory | X | (80) | ||
| LIVTQTMK | Cytotoxic | X | (81) | |||
| IDALNENK | Antibacterial | X | (82) | |||
| VLVLDTDYK | Antibacterial, DPP-IV inhibitory | X | (60, 83) | |||
| AASDISLLDAQSAPLR | Antibacterial | X | (84) | |||
| GLDIQKVAGT | ACE-inhibitory, Antibacterial | X | X | (60, 85) | ||
| GLDIQKVAGTW | ACE-inhibitory | X | (85) |