Table 3.

Combined and group means (± SD) of cardiovascular measures during conditions on land and immersed in water.

Swimmers, n = 8 Land‐based athletes, n = 10	Land				Water
	Upright	Upright + CO2	Prone	Prone + CO2	Upright	Prone	Prone + CO2	Swimming
MAP (mm Hg)
Combined mean	88 ± 11	90 ± 10	83 ± 10a	82 ± 10	93 ± 12	86 ± 10	90 ± 10	NA
Swimmers	87 ± 10	88 ± 8	83 ± 9	81 ± 8	95 ± 14	86 ± 11	88 ± 11
Land‐based	88 ± 13	92 ± 12	83 ± 12	82 ± 12	91 ± 11	86 ± 11	92 ± 10
Systolic BP (mm Hg)
Combined mean	115 ± 13	117 ± 13	119 ± 14	117 ± 12	129 ± 12	122 ± 15	129 ± 15	NA
Swimmers	116 ± 13	116 ± 12	120 ± 15	117 ± 11	130 ± 14	127 ± 19	132 ± 21
Land‐based	114 ± 14	117 ± 14	119 ± 15	117 ± 14	128 ± 12	119 ± 13	126 ± 12
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
Combined mean	74 ± 11	77 ± 10	66 ± 10a	64 ± 10	77 ± 12	68 ± 11	71 ± 12	NA
Swimmers	72 ± 10	74 ± 8	67 ± 11	63 ± 8	77 ± 14	68 ± 9	66 ± 11
Land‐based	76 ± 12	79 ± 12	65 ± 12	64 ± 11	77 ± 11	70 ± 12	75 ± 11
HR (bpm)
Combined mean	88 ± 16	86 ± 14	62 ± 8a	62 ± 8	59 ± 9	62 ± 9	68 ± 11b	140 ± 15c
Swimmers	86 ± 12	85 ± 15	63 ± 5	60 ± 8	57 ± 6	61 ± 7	67 ± 5	137 ± 8
Land‐based	89 ± 17	87 ± 13	62 ± 10	63 ± 10	60 ± 12	63 ± 11	68 ± 15	142 ± 19

MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; NA, not applicable as measurements were not taken during these times.

^a P ≤ 0.007 versus upright land.

^b P ≤ 0.012 versus prone water.

^c P ≤ 0.007 versus prone water + CO₂.