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Protonic species in H3PW12O40·nH2O (0 < n < 6); (a) the isolated acidic proton; (b) H3O+ and (c) H5O2+. When 0< n < 6, acidic protons are located randomly (may be in H5O2+ bridges, H3O+ or bonded to the oxygens of the Keggin unit); when n = 6, the acidic protons are located in the central H5O2+ bridges between lattice points. Reproduced with permission from [12]. Copyright (2011) Springer.
