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(a) Conceptual diagrams of magnetically aligned composite membrane and proton transport in the aligned channels in the membrane; (b) transmission electron microcsope (TEM) image for magnetically aligned composite membrane (5 nm scale bar), where the orientated chains of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) particles were clearly seen. Reproduced with permission from [62]. Copyright (2019) Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
