Table 2.
Works on graphene-based catalysts used in catalytic ozonation.
| Catalysts | Target Pollutants | Reactor | Ozonation Conditions | Process Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GO, oGO, and nOG | 4-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) C0 = 1 μM |
Batch tank reactor. V = 200 mL |
Saturated O3 stock solution (50–60 mg L−1); O3 dose = 1 mg L−1 pH0 = 3–9 Ccat = 25 mg L−1 |
p-CBA removal at pH = 9 Ozonation time = 5 min O3 alone: 60%; O3/nOG: 71%; O3/GO: 78%; O3/oGO: 87%. |
[64] |
| GO, rGO, and nOG | 4-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) C0 = 0.5 μM Iopromide (IPM) C0 = 1.0 μM |
Batch tank reactor. V = 200 mL |
Saturated O3 stock solution (50–60 mg L−1); O3 dose = 1 mg L−1 pH0 = 3–7 Ccat = 25 mg L−1 |
IPM removal at pH = 7 Ozonation time = 5 min O3 alone: ca. 40%; O3/nOG: ca. 40%; O3/GO: ca. 90% |
[73] |
| GO, rGO, and g-C3N4 | 4-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) Benzotriazole C0 = 0.084 M |
Batch tank reactor V = 300 mL |
CO3 = 2 mg L−1 pH0 = 4.75–6.01 Ccat = 0.5 g L−1 |
p-CBA removal at pH = 4.75 Ozonation time = 30 min O3 alone: 87%; O3/GO: 100%; O3/rGO: 100% |
[61] |
| GO | N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) C0 = 50 μM |
Semi-batch reactor V = 250 mL |
CO3g = 5 mg L−1 Fg = 0.4 L·min−1 pH0 = 2–8 Ccat = 20–100 mg L−1 |
DEET removal at pH = 7 Ozonation time = 10 min O3 alone: ca. 40%; O3/GO: 90–95% |
[58] |
| GO and rGO | p-hydroxyl benzoic acid (p-HBA) C0 = 20 mg L−1 |
Semi-batch reactor V = 500 mL |
CO3g = 20 mg L−1 Fg = 0.1 L·min−1 pH0 = 3.5 Ccat = 0.1 gL−1 |
p-HBA removal at pH = 3.5 Ozonation time = 30 min O3 alone: ca. 75%; O3/rGO: 100% |
[59] |
| GO and rGO | Oxalic acid Acetic acid Formic acid 4-nitrophenol acetylsalicylic acid p-hydroxyl benzoic acid (p-HBA) C0 = 20 mg L−1 |
Semi-batch reactor V = 500 mL |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 100 mL min−1 pH0 = 3, Ccat = 0.1 g L−1 |
Oxalic acid removal at pH = 3 Ozonation time = 45 min O3 alone: ca. 10%; O3/rGO: 90–100% |
[60] |
| GO, rGO, N-rGO, S-rGO, and graphene derivative TiO2 composites | Oxalic acid C0 = 90 mgL−1 |
Semi-batch tank reactor V = 200 mL |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 150 mL min−1 CO3g = 50 mg L−1 pH0 = 3 Ccat = 0.14 g L−1 |
Oxalic acid removal at pH = 3 Ozonation time = 3 h O3 alone: ca. 10%; O3/GO: ca. 95%; O3/rGO: ca. 95%; O3/N-rGO: ca. 95–100%; O3/S-rGO: ca. 95–100%; O3/TiO2-GO: ca. 35–60%; O3/TiO2-rGO: ca. 70–90% |
[49] |
| rGO, N-rGO, and P-rGO | Sulfamethoxazole C0 = 50 mg L−1 |
Conical flask V = 100 mL |
O3 dosage = 2 g h−1 Fg = 0.4 mL min−1 pH0 = 5–9 Ccat = 1 gL−1 |
TOC removal at pH = 9 Ozonation time = 20 min O3 alone: 6%; O3/rGO: 17%; O3/N-rGO:28%; O3/P-rGO: 16% |
[67] |
| rGO and N-rGO | 4-nitrophenol C0 = 50 mgL−1 |
Semi-batch tank reactor V = 500 mL |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 100 mL min−1 pH0 = 5 Ccat = 0.1 g L−1 |
TOC removal at pH = 5 Ozonation time = 60 min O3 alone: ca. 40%; O3/rGO: 80–90%; O3/N-rGO >95% |
[68] |
| rGO, N-rGO, P-rGO, B-rGO, and S-rGO | 4-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) C0 = 0.084 M Benzotriazole (BZT) C0 = 0.084 M |
Batch tank reactor V = 300 mL |
CO3 = 2 mg L−1 pH0 = 4.75 (p-CBA) pH0 = 6.01 (BZT) Ccat = 0.25 g L−1 |
p-CBA removal at pH = 4.75. Ozonation time = 5 min O3 alone: ca. 40%; O3/rGO: ca. 65%; O3/S-rGO: ca. 70%; O3/B-rGO: ca. 95%; O3/P-rGO >95%; O3/N-rGO >95% |
[70] |
| rGO and N-rGO | Oxalic acid C0 = 90 mg L−1 Phenol C0 = 75 mg L−1 |
Semi-batch reactor V = 700 mL |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 100 mL min−1 pH0 = 3 (oxalic acid) pH0 = 8 (phenol) Ccat = 0.14 g L−1 |
TOC removal at pH = 8 (phenol oxidation) Ozonation time = 3 h O3 alone: ca. 50%; O3/rGO: ca. 60%; O3/N-rGO: ca. 70–90% |
[71] |
| α-MnO2-rGO | Bisphenol A (BPA) C0 = 4.4 × 10−2 mM |
Semi-batch tank reactor V = 200 mL |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 100 mL min−1 pH0 = 3–10 Ccat = 0.1 g L−1 |
BPA removal at pH = 6.25 Ozonation time = 1 h O3 alone: 19.1%; O3/α-MnO2-rGO:90.5% |
[45] |
| γ-MnO2-rGO | 4-nitrophenol C0 = 50 mg L−1 |
Semi-batch tank reactor V = 1 L |
CO3g = 50 mg L−1 Fg = 100 mL min−1 pH0 = 5 Ccat = 0.1 g L−1 |
TOC removal at pH = 5 Ozonation time = 1 h O3 alone: ca. 16%; O3/γ-MnO2-rGO:75–85% |
[46] |
| TiO2-GO Fe3O4-GO TiO2-Fe3O4-GO |
Ibuprofen C0 = 0.5 µM |
Batch tank reactor V = 1L |
CO3,0 = 4 mg·L−1 Ccat = 30 mg L−1 |
Ibuprofen removal at pH = 7 Ozonation time = 25 min O3 alone: 55%; O3/GO:76%; O3/Fe3O4-GO:85% |
[47] |
| MnFe2O4-rGO | Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) C0 = 0.5 mgL−1 |
Semi-batch tank reactor V = 500 mL |
Ozone dosage = 0.4 mg min−1 pH0 = 7 Ccat = 10 mg L−1 |
DBP removal at pH = 7 Ozonation time = 1 h O3 alone: 32%; O3/MnFe2O4-rGO:87% |
[48] |
Nomenclature: C0 = initial pollutant concentration; V = working volume; CO3: dissolved ozone concentration; CO3g: ozone gas concentration; Fg: gas flow rate; Ccat: catalyst concentration; pH0 = initial pH; GO = graphene oxide; rGO = reduced graphene oxide; nOG = non-oxidized graphene.