Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population at Index Hospital Admission.
| Characteristic | No. (%)a | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White Patients (n = 193 793) | Black Patients (n = 49 288) | Hispanic Patients (n = 23 206) | Asian Patients (n = 6471) | ||
| Index admissions, No. | 329 264 | 89 989 | 38 137 | 9934 | NA |
| Demographic factors | |||||
| Patient age, mean (SD), y | 69.2 (12.2) | 67.6 (12.5) | 67.1 (13.8) | 69.2 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Patient age category, y | |||||
| <45 | 12 844 (3.9) | 4627 (5.1) | 2836 (7.4) | 666 (6.7) | <.001 |
| 45-64 | 90 878 (27.6) | 27 957 (31.1) | 11 252 (29.5) | 2257 (22.7) | |
| 65-74 | 101 251 (30.8) | 27 580 (30.6) | 10 611 (27.8) | 2948 (29.7) | |
| ≥75 | 124 291 (37.7) | 29 825 (33.1) | 13 438 (35.2) | 4063 (40.9) | |
| Women | 169 703 (51.5) | 54 965 (61.1) | 20 598 (54.0) | 5107 (51.4) | <.001 |
| Economic factors | |||||
| Annual household income, US$ | |||||
| <40 000 | 131 071 (39.8) | 50 590 (56.2) | 16 852 (44.2) | 2895 (29.1) | <.001 |
| 40 000-49 999 | 33 329 (10.1) | 9268 (10.3) | 3574 (9.4) | 836 (8.4) | |
| 50 000-59 999 | 28 575 (8.7) | 7020 (7.8) | 3071 (8.1) | 782 (7.9) | |
| 60 000-74 999 | 32 573 (9.9) | 6590 (7.3) | 3322 (8.7) | 857 (8.6) | |
| 75 000-99 999 | 36 538 (11.1) | 5895 (6.6) | 3475 (9.1) | 1133 (11.4) | |
| ≥100 000 | 46 815 (14.2) | 4525 (5.0) | 3665 (9.6) | 2254 (22.7) | |
| Factors related to the index hospitalization | |||||
| Length of stay, d | |||||
| 1 | 46 136 (14.0) | 10 944 (12.2) | 5253 (13.8) | 1432 (14.4) | <.001 |
| 2-4 | 178 206 (54.1) | 46 411 (51.6) | 20 638 (54.1) | 5052 (50.9) | |
| 5-7 | 64 392 (19.6) | 19 049 (21.2) | 7399 (19.4) | 1971 (19.8) | |
| 8-14 | 32 565 (9.9) | 10 578 (11.8) | 3867 (10.1) | 1120 (11.3) | |
| ≥15 | 7965 (2.4) | 3007 (3.3) | 980 (2.6) | 359 (3.6) | |
| Prior admission(s) in past year | 136 394 (41.4) | 41 512 (46.1) | 15 397 (40.4) | 3598 (36.2) | <.001 |
| Planned admission | 54 268 (16.5) | 11 355 (12.6) | 5801 (15.2) | 1629 (16.4) | <.001 |
| Clinical factors | |||||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Dementia | 11 867 (3.6) | 4182 (4.6) | 1728 (4.5) | 466 (4.7) | <.001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 129 628 (39.4) | 35 409 (39.3) | 13 403 (35.1) | 2989 (30.1) | <.001 |
| Rheumatologic disease | 15 358 (4.7) | 4627 (5.1) | 1934 (5.1) | 338 (3.4) | <.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 10 642 (3.2) | 3100 (3.4) | 1407 (3.7) | 393 (4.0) | <.001 |
| Mild liver disease | 8021 (2.4) | 1740 (1.9) | 1407 (3.7) | 234 (2.4) | <.001 |
| Moderate or severe liver disease | 5498 (1.7) | 1089 (1.2) | 941 (2.5) | 145 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 7709 (2.3) | 3062 (3.4) | 989 (2.6) | 348 (3.5) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 43 235 (13.1) | 10 977 (12.2) | 4272 (11.2) | 1130 (11.4) | <.001 |
| Metastatic carcinoma | 7449 (2.3) | 1993 (2.2) | 821 (2.2) | 221 (2.2) | .51 |
| HIV/AIDS | 527 (0.2) | 552 (0.6) | 145 (0.4) | 11 (0.1) | <.001 |
| Diabetes-related complications | |||||
| Retinopathy | 31 717 (9.6) | 10 969 (12.2) | 4550 (11.9) | 1053 (10.6) | <.001 |
| Nephropathy | 73 322 (22.3) | 24 746 (27.5) | 8768 (23.0) | 2618 (26.4) | <.001 |
| Neuropathy | 106 605 (32.4) | 29 138 (32.4) | 11 455 (30.0) | 2317 (23.3) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 101 625 (30.9) | 32 608 (36.2) | 10 510 (27.6) | 2722 (27.4) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 147 984 (44.9) | 38 926 (43.3) | 15 495 (40.6) | 3991 (40.2) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 68 420 (20.8) | 20 227 (22.5) | 7690 (20.2) | 1561 (15.7) | <.001 |
| Metabolic complications | 7370 (2.2) | 3034 (3.4) | 1002 (2.6) | 216 (2.2) | <.001 |
| Diabetes Complications Severity Index Category | |||||
| 0 | 78 301 (23.8) | 18 986 (21.1) | 10 399 (27.3) | 2820 (28.4) | <.001 |
| 1-2 | 85 893 (26.1) | 22 196 (24.7) | 9691 (25.4) | 2711 (27.3) | |
| 3-6 | 111 581 (33.9) | 31 318 (34.8) | 12 009 (31.5) | 3104 (31.2) | |
| ≥7 | 53 489 (16.2) | 17 489 (19.4) | 6038 (15.8) | 1299 (13.1) | |
| Insulin use | 85 533 (26.0) | 27 104 (30.1) | 11 200 (29.4) | 2062 (20.8) | <.001 |
| Factors related to the index hospital | |||||
| Ownership type | |||||
| Public | 25 968 (7.9) | 10 568 (11.7) | 2836 (7.4) | 815 (8.2) | <.001 |
| Nonprofit | 297 201 (90.3) | 77 935 (86.6) | 30 727 (80.6) | 8992 (90.5) | |
| For profit | 6095 (1.9) | 1486 (1.7) | 4574 (12.0) | 127 (1.3) | |
| Teaching statusb | |||||
| Nonteaching | 186 854 (56.7) | 39 649 (44.1) | 20 656 (54.2) | 4156 (41.8) | <.001 |
| Residency | 82 997 (25.2) | 26 925 (29.9) | 8939 (23.4) | 3539 (35.6) | |
| Academic | 59 413 (18.0) | 23 415 (26.0) | 8542 (22.4) | 2239 (22.5) | |
| Urban categoryc | |||||
| Division | 36 067 (11.0) | 11 388 (12.7) | 10 298 (27.0) | 3016 (30.4) | <.001 |
| Metropolitan | 259 699 (78.9) | 72 834 (80.9) | 26 022 (68.2) | 6290 (63.3) | |
| Micropolitan | 25 269 (7.7) | 4484 (5.0) | 1561 (4.1) | 560 (5.6) | |
| Rural | 8229 (2.5) | 1283 (1.4) | 256 (0.7) | 68 (0.7) | |
| Sole community hospital status | |||||
| No | 318 190 (96.6) | 88 511 (98.4) | 36 828 (96.6) | 9503 (95.7) | <.001 |
| Yes | 11 049 (3.4) | 1472 (1.6) | 1309 (3.4) | 430 (4.3) | |
| Unknown | 25 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Size, No. of beds | |||||
| <50 | 11 165 (3.4) | 1534 (1.7) | 709 (1.9) | 135 (1.4) | <.001 |
| 50-199 | 90 812 (27.6) | 15 100 (16.8) | 9848 (25.8) | 2852 (28.7) | |
| 200-399 | 112 524 (34.2) | 29 853 (33.2) | 13 920 (36.5) | 2755 (27.7) | |
| ≥400 | 114 763 (34.9) | 43 502 (48.3) | 13 660 (35.8) | 4192 (42.2) | |
a
Counts and percentages reported for index hospitalizations.
b
Nonteaching indicates no resident training and the hospital does not belong to or partner with a university; residency, hospital has formal resident training programs but does not belong to a university; and academic, hospital belongs to a university and trains residents.
c
Division indicates in or adjacent to area with at least 2.5 million people; metropolitan, area with at least 50 000 and less than 2.5 million people; micropolitan, area with at least 10 000 and less than 50 000 people; and rural, area with less than 10 000 people.