Figure 4.

Urinary excretion of sulforaphane metabolites (“internal dose”) per 24 h following an initial dose with different broccoli sprout preparations from intervention studies conducted in Qidong China [63,77,78]. All analyses were conducted by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Values are the sum of sulforaphane, sulforaphane-cysteine and sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine for each participant. Box plots are median and 5% and 95% confidence intervals. GR 800 was a beverage prepared from a hot-water extract of 3-day old broccoli sprouts that was lyophilized, and then reconstituted in mango juice and water to deliver 800 µmole glucoraphanin (GR); SF 150 was the hot-water extract cooled to room temperature, treated with daikon to deliver myrosinase, then lyophilized and later reconstituted in mango juice and water to deliver 150 µmol of sulforaphane (SF). GR600 + SF 40 were beverages reconstituted in pineapple juice, lime juice and water from their lyophilized powders to deliver a dose of 600 µmol of GR and 40 µmol SF. In addition to beverages, a study was conducted with a commercial dietary supplement formulated as tablets constituted from lyophilized broccoli sprouts and finely milled broccoli seeds to provide glucoraphanin (75 and 150 µmol) in the presence of myrosinase.