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. 2019 Sep 30;12(19):3208. doi: 10.3390/ma12193208

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Schematic view of the hysteresis loss in a ferromagnetic nanoparticle. Hysteresis loss in one cycle of ACMF is related to the area of the hysteresis loop and the Zeeman energy in magnetic field [56,57]. (B) Susceptibility loss given by the out-of-phase component of AC susceptibility is associated to the nanoparticle’s relaxation. As demonstrated in the schematic, in Néel relaxation, the magnetic moment shown by the black arrow reverses (the particle does not rotate), while in Brownian relaxation, the particle (the sphere) rotates as a whole. (C) Schematic view of a typical hyperthermia setup. The variation of SAR based on (D) susceptibility (χ) and (E) magnetic anisotropy (K). (F) Size dependent SAR resulting from the susceptibility loss and the hysteresis loss [55].