Figure 1.

Design of fecal humanization experiment in adult mice. Studies were conducted with germ-free (groups 1 and 2) or conventional (groups 3–5) C57BL/6J mice. Conventional mice either received antibiotics (0.5 g/L vancomycin, 1 g/L ampicillin, 1 g/L neomycin, 1 g/L metronidazole [VANM]) [24, 25] in their drinking water for 6 days or did not. Within 36 hours after ending the antibiotic course (or at the same time point in those who did not receive VANM), all mice were gavaged with either pooled human feces to which Oxalobacter formigenes was added (FTx), O. formigenes alone, or transport medium (sham) alone. All mice were followed up for 8 weeks after gavage.