Figure 3.

β-Diversity before and after humanization or sham gavage. A, Pregavage and postgavage fecal samples from humanized mice. Mice were germ free (groups 1 and 2; left), were given broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment to suppress their own microbiota before gavage (groups 3 and 4; middle), or were untreated conventional mice (group 5; right). Principal coordinates analysis plots depict the unweighted UniFrac analysis of gavage inocula and fecal samples before and up to 8 weeks after gavage. The statistics below each panel reflect Adonis tests with 999 permutations to determine whether the microbiome community structures of inocula, before and after gavage, differed significantly (P < .05). B, Principal coordinates analysis plot depicts unweighted UniFrac analysis of the gavage inocula and fecal samples. Pregavage samples were collected from conventional mice and mice receiving high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotics over 6 days (open circles). Postgavage samples were collected through 8 weeks (closed circles); 1 group of antibiotic-treated mice received sham gavage (red), and 3 other groups received humanization: untreated conventional mice (green); antibiotic-treated conventional mice (light blue), and germ-free mice (dark blue). By Adonis testing, the conventional humanized group differed significantly (P < .001) from both the antibiotic-treated humanized mice and the germ-free humanized mice. The antibiotic-treated humanized group also differed significantly (P < .001) from the antibiotic-treated sham-gavage group. Statistics were generated using Adonis tests with 999 permutations after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.