Table 2.
Results of Logit regression measuring relationship between gestational exposure to TGR and adverse birth outcomes (odds ratios).
| Low Birthweight |
Pre-Term Birth |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| Gestational Exposure to TGR | ||||
| Unemployment Rate | 1.03*** (1.03–1.04) | 1.04*** (1.03–1.05) | 1.02*** (1.01–1.03) | 1.03*** (1.02–1.05) |
| 1st Tri Temporal Proximity to Recession | ||||
| Not Proximate to TGR (Ref) | ||||
| During TGR | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
| Year Prior to TGR | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| Year Post-TGR | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) |
| 2nd Tri Temporal Proximity to Recession | ||||
| Not Proximate to TGR (Ref) | ||||
| During TGR | 1.09*** (1.05–1.14) | 1.11*** (1.06–1.16) | 1.19*** (1.13–1.24) | 1.25*** (1.18–1.33) |
| Year Prior to TGR | 1.08** (1.02–1.14) | 1.10** (1.04–1.16) | 1.11*** (1.06–1.16) | 1.16*** (1.10–1.23) |
| Year Post-TGR | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| Home Values (logged) | 1.28*** (1.12–1.44) | 1.29*** (1.11–1.49) | 1.28*** (1.12–1.47) | 1.34*** (1.13–1.59) |
| Neighborhood Disadvantage | 1.73*** (1.56–1.92) | 1.67*** (1.57–1.77) | 1.59*** (1.48–1.71) | 1.54*** (1.38–1.73) |
| % Using Safety Net | 0.96** (0.94–0.98) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) |
| County of Residence Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| First Month of Trimester Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Demographic Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Pregnancy Behavior Indicators | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Constant | 0.00*** (0.00–0.01) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.03) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.01) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.02) |
| Hosmer-Lemeshow Chi2 | 142.82*** | 42.81*** | 36.86*** | 127.25*** |
| Observations | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 |
Note: Coefficients are reported as odds ratios. Confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Only singleton births are included in these analyses. Results for control variables are not reported in the table and can be requested from the lead author. All models control for FIPS county, first month of first trimester, and the following demographic characteristics: child's sex, type of insurance for child's birth, mother's and father's race/ethnicity, mother's age, education level, nativity, parity, and BMI. Models 2 and 4 add the following pregnancy behavior indicators: WIC participation, mother's smoking behavior during pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and adequacy of prenatal care. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.