Table 3.
Results of Logit regression measuring relationship between gestational exposure to TGR and adverse birth outcomes (odds ratios).
| Low Birthweight |
Pre-Term Birth |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| Gestational Exposure to TGR | ||||
| Unemployment Rate | 1.04*** (1.03–1.05) | 1.04*** (1.03–1.05) | 1.03*** (1.02–1.05) | 1.03*** (1.02–1.05) |
| 1st Tri Temporal Proximity to Recession | ||||
| Not Proximate to TGR (Ref) | ||||
| During TGR | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
| Year Prior to TGR | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| Year Post-TGR | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) |
| 2nd Tri Temporal Proximity to Recession | ||||
| Not Proximate to TGR (Ref) | ||||
| During TGR | 1.10*** (1.05–1.16) | 1.11*** (1.05–1.17) | 1.26*** (1.19–1.33) | 1.25*** (1.16–1.34) |
| Year Prior to TGR | 1.11*** (1.05–1.18) | 1.10** (1.04–1.17) | 1.19*** (1.13–1.25) | 1.16*** (1.09–1.25) |
| Year Post-TGR | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
| Education | ||||
| No HS Degree (Ref) | ||||
| HS Degree | 0.96*** (0.94–0.98) | 0.96*** (0.95–0.98) | 0.94*** (0.93–0.95) | 0.93*** (0.92–0.95) |
| BA or More | 0.80*** (0.78–0.82) | 0.79*** (0.77–0.81) | 0.75*** (0.73–0.77) | 0.74*** (0.73–0.76) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.81*** (1.77–1.86) | 1.80*** (1.75–1.85) | 1.36*** (1.34–1.39) | 1.35*** (1.31–1.39) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 1.43*** (1.36–1.50) | 1.44*** (1.37–1.52) | 1.42*** (1.36–1.49) | 1.44*** (1.38–1.50) |
| Hispanic | 1.10*** (1.08–1.12) | 1.09*** (1.07–1.12) | 1.14*** (1.12–1.16) | 1.14*** (1.11–1.17) |
| Missing | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) |
| 2nd Tri Proximity to TGR X Education | ||||
| During TGR X HS Degree | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | ||
| During TGR X BA or More | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||
| Prior to TGR X HS Degree | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.97* (0.95–1.00) | ||
| Prior to TGR X BA or More | 0.97* (0.94–1.00) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | ||
| Post-TGR X HS Degree | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.99 (0.95–1.02) | ||
| Post-TGR X BA or More | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | ||
| 2nd Tri Proximity to TGR X Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| During TGR X NH Black | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | ||
| During TGR X NH Other | 0.95** (0.91–0.98) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | ||
| During TGR X Hispanic | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||
| During TGR X Missing | 0.80* (0.66–0.98) | 1.16 (0.97–1.39) | ||
| Prior to TGR X NH Black | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | ||
| Prior to TGR X NH Other | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | ||
| Prior to TGR X Hispanic | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | ||
| Prior to TGR X Missing | 1.07 (0.88–1.30) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | ||
| Post-TGR X NH Black | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | ||
| Post-TGR X NH Other | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | ||
| Post-TGR X Hispanic | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | ||
| Post-TGR X Missing | 1.10 (0.80–1.53) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | ||
| Home Values (logged) | 1.29*** (1.11–1.49) | 1.29*** (1.11–1.49) | 1.34*** (1.13–1.59) | 1.34*** (1.13–1.59) |
| Neighborhood Disadvantage | 1.67*** (1.57–1.78) | 1.67*** (1.57–1.77) | 1.55*** (1.38–1.74) | 1.55*** (1.38–1.74) |
| % Using Safety Net | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| County of Residence Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| First Month of Trimester Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Demographic Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Pregnancy Behavior Indicators | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 0.00*** (0.00–0.03) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.03) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.02) | 0.00*** (0.00–0.02) |
| Hosmer-Lemeshow Test | 40.64*** | 39.89*** | 130.71*** | 134.52*** |
| Chi2(df) | 9.01 | 20.51 | 13.14* | 18.98 |
| Observations | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 | 3,990,194 |
Note: Coefficients are reported as odds ratios. Confidence intervals reported in parentheses. Only singleton births are included in these analyses. Results for control variables are not reported in the table and can be requested from the lead author. Models include the following controls: FIPS county, first month of first trimester, child's sex, type of insurance for child's birth, mother's and father's race/ethnicity, mother's age, education level, nativity, parity, and BMI, WIC participation, mother's smoking behavior during pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and adequacy of prenatal care. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.