Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population stratified by subjects who subsequently developed DN and those who did not
| Characteristics | No-DN (N = 3,720) | DN case subjects (N = 323) | P** |
|---|---|---|---|
| hs-CRP (mg/L)* | 2.36 ± 3.40 | 3.36 ± 3.30 | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 53.4 ± 12.3 | 59.1 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 |
| Females | 2,392 (64.3) | 208 (64.4) | 0.5124 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.61 ± 21.7 | 134.1 ± 60.5 | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.2 ± 38.9 | 198.7 ± 45.0 | 0.849 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.0 ± 14.5 | 49.4 ± 13.8 | 0.004 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 127.1 ± 36.0 | 123.7 ± 37.5 | 0.132 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100.6 ± 58.8 | 129.2 ± 115.7 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.53 ± 19.40 | 88.27 ± 24.94 | <0.0001 |
| ACR (mg/g)* | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 21.3 ± 4.2 | 0.0246 |
| CVD | 272 (7.4) | 61 (19.2) | <0.0001 |
| DM | 473 (12.7) | 232 (71.8)@ | <0.0001 |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 529 (14.3) | 84 (26.1) | <0.0001 |
| High school/GED or some college | 1,554 (41.9) | 132 (41.0) | |
| College/associate degree or higher | 1,629 (43.9) | 106 (32.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 1,789 (48.3) | 127 (39.7) | 0.003 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Poor | 1,705 (48.9) | 187 (58.1) | <0.0001 |
| Intermediate | 1,237 (33.3) | 98 (30.4) | |
| Ideal | 776 (20.9) | 37 (11.5) | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124.9 ± 17.1 | 133.2 ± 18.6 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.0 ± 10.4 | 77.9 ± 10.9 | 0.058 |
| WC (cm) | 99.6 ± 15.9 | 108.6 ± 15.7 | <0.0001 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 8.1 ± 8.6 | 11.9 ± 10.1 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonsmokers | 2,604 (70.6) | 205 (63.9) | 0.040 |
| Former smokers | 664 (18.0) | 74 (23.0) | |
| Current smokers | 423 (11.5) | 42 (13.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Normal | 550 (14.8) | 16 (5.0) | <0.0001 |
| Overweight | 1,238 (33.3) | 86 (26.7) | |
| Obese | 1,929 (51.9) | 220 (68.3) |
Data are means ± SD or n (%). GED, General Educational Development degree.
*
Geometric mean ± SD was used for hs-CRP and ACR due to nonnormality of hs-CRP and ACR.
**
P values from t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Baseline study population excludes those with DN or missing hs-CRP values at visit 1.
@A total of 232 participants with DM at the beginning of the study developed DN, and 91 (= 323–232) participants who did not have DM at the beginning developed DN during the study period.