Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in GRADE
| Overall (n = 5,047)* | Normal range for laboratory tests | |
|---|---|---|
| Age at baseline visit (years) | 57.2 ± 10.0 | |
| Age group (years) | ||
| <45 | 619 (12.3) | |
| 45–59 | 2,327 (46.1) | |
| ≥60 | 2,101 (41.6) | |
| Male sex | 3,210 (63.6) | |
| Race | ||
| White | 3,314 (65.7) | |
| African American or black | 1,000 (19.8) | |
| Asian | 182 (3.6) | |
| AI/AN | 137 (2.7) | |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 28 (0.6) | |
| Other or more than one race | 319 (6.3) | |
| Unknown or not reported | 67 (1.3) | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 929 (18.4) | |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 4,077 (80.8) | |
| Unknown/not reported | 41 (0.8) | |
| Education completed | ||
| <High school | 364 (7.2) | |
| High school graduate | 1,039 (20.6) | |
| Some college | 1,463 (29.0) | |
| ≥College degree | 2,180 (43.2) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.2 ± 2.8 | |
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR) | 3.8 (1.9, 6.4) | |
| Screening metformin dose (mg/day) | 1,575.5 ± 525.2 | |
| Baseline metformin dose (mg/day) | 1,944.2 ± 204.5 | |
| Family history of any first-degree relatives with diabetes | 3,522 (69.8) | |
| Medical history | ||
| Heart attack/stroke | 330 (6.5) | |
| Retinopathy | 49 (1.0) | |
| Neuropathy | 1,083 (21.5) | |
| Hypertension | 3,360 (66.6) | |
| Elevated blood lipids | 3,646 (72.2) | |
| Current medications | ||
| Blood pressure medications | 3,495 (69.2) | |
| Lipid-lowering medications | 3,317 (65.7) | |
| Statin | 3,209 (63.6) | |
| Aspirin | 2,288 (45.3) | |
| Depression/anxiety medication(s)† | 472/2,502 (18.9)† | |
| Smoking status | ||
| Current smoker | 695 (13.8) | |
| Former smoker | 1,617 (32.0) | |
| Never smoked | 2,735 (54.2) | |
| Physical measurements | ||
| Weight (kg) | 100.0 ± 22.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.3 ± 6.8 | |
| Blood pressure | ||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 128.3 ± 14.7 | |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 77.3 ± 9.9 | |
| Blood pressure <140/90 mmHg | 3,802 (75.3) | |
| Blood pressure <130/80 mmHg | 2,172 (43.0) | |
| Laboratory tests* | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 ± 0.5 | ≥6.5% or 48 mmol/mol may indicate diabetes |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 58 ± 5.3 | |
| HbA1c <7% | 725 (14.4) | |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163.8 ± 37.8 | <200 mg/dL |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 0.98 | 5.172 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 154.0 ± 121.6 | 0–100 mg/dL |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0–1.7 mmol/L |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.4 ± 10.6 | Female >50 mg/dL; male >40 mg/dL |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | Female >1.3 mmol/L; male >1.0 mmol/L |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 90.5 ± 31.7 | <129 mg/dL |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.8 | <3.4 mmol/L |
| LDL <100 mg/dL | 3,348 (66.3) | |
| UACR (mg/g) | 6.4 (3.1, 16.9) | <30 mg albumin/g creatinine |
| UACR <30 mg/g creatinine | 4,241 (84.1) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 151.5 ± 30.9 | 60–99 mg/dL |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 3.3–5.5 mmol/L |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 95.3 ± 16.9 | ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 121 (2.4) | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.83 ± 0.2 | Female 0.4–1.1 mg/dL; male 0.5–1.2 mg/dL |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.34 ± 0.6 | 0.37–1.47 nmol/L |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 129.4 ± 95.4 | 12–150 pmol/L |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 21.6 ± 15.9 | 2–25 mU/L |
Continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD or as the median (interquartile range), and categorical data are presented as n (%). UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio.
*N was 5,047 except for depression/anxiety medication question (see next note).
†This question was added after the study started and was answered by 2,498 participants at baseline. Of these, 472 participants answered “yes” and 2,032 participants answered “no”: 472/2,502 = 0.19.