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. 2019 Aug 5;7:23. doi: 10.1038/s41413-019-0062-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Akt signaling is activated during OA development. a Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of p-AKT in human articular cartilage from traumatic knee joints (normal) and knee arthroplasties of OA patients (OA). Nonimmunized rabbit IgG was used as the negative control (IgG-NC). b Western blot analysis for p-AKT levels in human normal cartilage and OA cartilage. Quantitative densitometry results are shown below. The GAPDH protein serves as an endogenous normalizer, and the results of each band are then normalized to the value of the “Normal 1” sample. c Representative images of safranin O staining of mouse knee joints at 1, 6, and 12 weeks after Sham or DMM surgery performed at 8-week-old (n = 3 per group). Arrows denote the articular surface of knee joints that show progressive loss of integrity. d Western blot analysis for p-Akt levels in articular cartilage of knee joints at 1, 6, and 12 weeks after Sham or DMM surgery. Quantitative densitometry results are shown below. The GAPDH protein serves as an endogenous normalizer. Scale bars: 100 µm in (a); 40 µm in (c)