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Oncogenic pathways commonly misregulated in melanoma. Mutations in NRAS, BRAF, GNAQ and c-KIT lead to constitutive MAPK signaling leading to unbridled proliferation and survival. The phosphatidylinositol 3ʹ kinase (PI3K) cascade is activated by oncogenic NRAS. Mutations of the CDKN2A gene leads to loss of P16INK4A or P14ARF or both depending on where the mutations occur. CDKN2A mutations are common in hereditary melanoma.
