FIG 4.

Intracellular adenosine phosphate concentrations (A), ATP/ADP ratio (B), and energy charge (C) in aerobic ammonium- and phosphate-limited (N- and P-limited) cultures of S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D. Data represent the averages and standard errors of multiple measurements from duplicate cultures. Samples were withdrawn from the steady-state, slow-growth (μ = 0.025 h⁻¹) chemostat cultures and the pseudo-steady-state, near-zero-growth (μ < 0.002 h⁻¹) retentostat cultures.