Table 1.
Summary of studies included in reviewa
| Study, year of publication | Participants n | CXR positive, n (%) | 95% CI for percentage | Total CXR negative (%) | CXR negative: normal (%) | CXR negative: abnormal (%) | Histology (%) | Mean age, years | Male,% | Population characteristics | Setting (primary or hospital) | Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamada et al,31 1999 | 31 | 22 (71.0) | 52.0 to 89.9% | 9 (29.0) | — | — | NSCLC (74.2), SCLC (25.8) | 60.6 | 100.0 | Asbestos exposure | Hospital | Japan |
| Tanaka et al,32 1999 | 3 | 3 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | NSCLC (33.3), pleomorphic (33.3), unknown (33.3) | 72 | 100.0 | Gingival metastasis | Hospital | Japan |
| Bini et al,33 2001 | 2 | 2 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | Pulmonary blastoma (100) | 62.5 | 100.0 | Pulmonary blastoma | Hospital | Italy |
| Lee et al,34 2001 | 6 | 4 (66.7) | 20.4 to 100% | 2 (33.3) | — | — | SCLC (100) | 62.5 | 50.0 | Paraneoplastic GI dysfunction | Hospital | US |
| Haro et al, 200235 | 208b | 185b (88.9) | 84.4 to 93.5% | 23b (11.1) | — | — | — | 62b | 84.4b | Haemoptysis | Hospital | Spain |
| Losa Gaspà et al,36 2002 | 93 | 84 (90.3) | 84.0 to 96.6% | 9 (9.7) | — | — | — | 63.0 | 72.4b | Metastatic cancer | Hospital | Spain |
| Abraham et al,37 2003 | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 65.6 to 99.7% | 4 (17.4) | — | — | — | 53.4 | 47.8 | Presented with facial pain | Not known | US |
| Gomez et al,38 2004 | 41 | 36 (87.8) | 77.1 to 98.5% | 5 (12.2) | — | — | Carcinoid (100) | 50.0 | 66 | Bronchial carcinoid | Hospital | Spain |
| Kitazaki et al,39 2005 | 2 | 2 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | NSCLC (100) | 71.5 | 0.00 | Bronchioalveolar treated with gefitinib | Hospital | Japan |
| Bando et al,40 2006c | 15 | 12 (80.0) | 57.3 to 100% | 3 (20.0) | — | — | SCLC (33.3), NSCLC (26.7), others (13.3), unknown (26.7) | 68.3b | 73.3 | Vocal cord paralysis | Hospital | Japan |
| Bjerager et al,41 2006 | 58 | 46 (79.3) | 67.6 to 91.0% | 12 (20.7) | — | — | — | 66d | 64.3b | Patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer in primary care | Primary | Denmark |
| Brock et al,42 2006 | 30 | 12 (40.0) | 12.3 to 67.7% | 18 (60.0) | 9 (30.0) | 9c (30.0) | NSCLC (85.9), SCLC (8.7), other (5.4)b | 46d | 67.4b | Patients with HIV | Hospital | US |
| Stapley et al,43 2006 | 164 | 126 (76.8) | 64.5 to 84.2% | 38 (23.2) | 17 (10.4) | 21 (12.8) | NSCLC (64.0), SCLC (21.1), unspecified carcinoma (10.9), unknown (4.0)b,f | 70.8a | 68.8a | Patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer in primary care | Primary | England |
| Fernandez et al,44 2007c | 102 | 97 (95.1) | 90.8 to 99.4% | 5 (4.9) | 5 (4.9) | — | NSCLC (68.8), SCLC (20.5), anaplastic (9.9), unknown (1.8)b,f | 68b | 85.4b | Patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer in hospital | Hospital | Spain |
| Kato et al,45 2010 | 3 | 3 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | Squamous cell (100) | 64.7 | 100.0 | Squamous cell carcinoma with necrotic cavities | Hospital | Japan |
| Kikuchi et al,46 2010 | 2 | 2 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | Pleomorphic carcinoma (100) | 71.0 | 100.0 | Pleomorphic carcinoma | Hospital | Japan |
| Uzun et al,47 2010c | 51 | 50 (98.0) | 94.2 to 100% | 1 (1.9) | — | — | NSCLC (90.2), SCLC (5.9), other (3.9) | 54.3b | 76.4b | Haemoptysis | Hospital | Turkey |
| Mao et al,48 2011 | 10 | 6 (60.0) | 39.2 to 99.2% | 4 (40.0) | — | — | NSCLC (70.0), SCLC (30.0) | 58.7 | 50.0 | Diabetes insipidus from pituitary metastases | Hospital | China |
| Okazaki et al,49 2012 | 2 | 2 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | SCLC (100) | 75.0 | 50.0 | Gastric metastases from lung primary | Hospital | Japan |
| Barry et al,50 2015 | 158 | 126 (79.7) | 72.7 to 86.8% | 32 (20.2) | 23g (14.6) | 9 (5.7) | — | — | — | Hospital | Hospital | Ireland |
| Ghimire et al,51 2016 | 7 | 7 (100.0) | — | 0 (0.0) | — | — | NSCLC (100) | 54.7b | 76.0b | Patients undergoing bronchoscopy | Hospital | Nepal |
a
Studies assessed as having low risk of bias are indicated in bold.
b
Number includes cases that were not eligible, which could not be excluded.
c
Interpretation of CXR reported as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ but authors did not state which abnormalities were contemporaneously considered to be suspicious for lung cancer at time of reporting CXR. ‘Abnormal’ processed as ‘positive’ for this review.
d
Median.
e
‘Non-specific infiltrates’. Authors did not state if these were considered positive or negative.
f
Percentages are >100.0% due to rounding.
g
Abnormal but no follow-up recommended. CI = confidence interval. CXR = chest X-ray. GI = gastrointestinal. NSCLC = non-small-cell lung carcinoma. SCLC = small-cell lung carcinoma.