Table 1. Baseline characteristics of included studies to assess EUS-BD for primary treatment of malignant distal biliary obstruction.

Authors	Year	Study design	No. of patients	No. of males (%)	Mean age in years	Mean follow-up (months)	Etiology of malignant obstruction	Mean CBD dilation in mm	Procedure time in min	Technical success rate (%)	Clinical success rate %)	Adverse event rate (%)	Reintervention rate (%)	Quality assessment
Paik et al.	2018	Multicenter, randomized trial	64	41 (64.06)	64.8 (40 – 90)	4.8	Pancreatic cancer (38), cholangiocarcinoma (3), gallbladder cancer (4), ampulla of Vater cancer (5), gastric cancer (4), duodenal cancer (2), other (8)	15.7 ± 4.0	-	60/64 (93.75)	54/60 (90.00)	7/64 (10.94)	10/64 (15.63 %)	⊕⊕⊕⊕ High
Bang et al.	2018	Single-center, randomized trial	33	17 (51.52)	69.4 ± 12.6	6.33	Pancreatic cancer (33)	13.3 ± 3.5	25 (18 – 30)	30/33 (90.91)	32/33 (96.97)	7/33 (21.21)	1/33 (3.03 %)	⊕⊕⊕⊕ High
Park et al.	2018	Single-center, randomized trial	14	9 (64.29)	66.8 ± 8.0	3.17	Pancreatic cancer (14)	-	43 ± 24	13/14 (92.86)	13/13 (100.00)	2/14 (14.29)	0/14 (0.00 %)	⊕⊕⊕⊖ Moderate
Nakai et al.	2018	Multicenter, prospective cohort	34	18 (52.94)	71 (74 – 91)	5.8	Pancreatic cancer (28), biliary tract cancer (2), other (4)	13 (11 – 15)	25 (8 – 60)	33/34 (97.06)	33/33 (100.00)	5/34 (14.71)	4/34 (11.76 %)	⊕⊕⊖⊖ Low
Yamao et al.	2018	Multicenter, retrospective cohort	14	8 (57.14)	66.2 ± 10.6	-	Pancreatic cancer (14)	-	-	14/14 (100.00)	13/14 (92.86)	8/14 (57.14)	0/14 (0.00 %)	⊕⊕⊖⊖ Low
Hara et al.	2013	Single-center, prospective cohort	18	12 (66.67)	67.28 (55 – 83)	6.23	Pancreatic cancer (17), ampulla of Vater cancer (1)	12 (7 – 19)	28.11 (13 – 75)	17/18 (94.44)	16/17 (94.12)	2/18 (11.11)	2/18 (11.11 %)	⊕⊕⊖⊖ Low
Hara et al.	2011	Single-center, prospective cohort	16	6 (37.50)	67.13 (43 – 80)	6.55	Pancreatic cancer (13), gallbladder (1), gastric (1), other (1)	10.5 (6 – 20)	26.19 (10 – 52)	15/16 (93.75)	15/15 (100.00)	4/16 (25.00)	-	⊕⊕⊖⊖ Low

EUS-BD, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage.