. 2019 Jul 26;6(4):1481–1490. doi: 10.1002/nop2.350

Table 3.

Relationships between Health Literacy Questionnaire scales and demographic and clinical variables

Independent variables	1. Healthcare provider support			2. Have sufficient health information			3. Actively managing health
	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB
	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)
Female gender	.78	.85		.89	.84		.02	.15	.02 (.19)
Age	.22	.81		.16	.30		.16	.91
Education	.25	.49		.23	.44		.80	.23
Low income	.06	.18		.16	.81		.79	.64
Living alone	.11	.15		.99	.78		.65	.90
Medications	.10	.63		.04	.46		.22	.14
Comorbidity	.27	.10		.24	.17		.03	.82
BDI‐SF	.38	.20		.01	.03	.01 (−.02)	.79	.98
CKD stage	.52	.85		.38	.17		.38	.43
CKD duration	.21	.20		.34	.23		.46	.52
Adjusted R ²						.03			.03

	4. Social support			5. Critical appraisal			6. Actively engage with healthcare providers
	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB
	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)
Female	.66	.82		.38	.82		.03	.06	.04 (−.21)
Age	.22	.18		.40	.99		.01	.80
Education	.08	.41		.32	.31		.16	.44
Low income	.39	.69		.44	.83		.53	.90
Living alone	.01	.01	.01 (−.23)	.27	.61		.44	.90
Medication	.78	.28		.05	.32	.04 (−.02)	.03	.85
Comorbidity	.14	.51		.30	.82		.14	.09
BDI‐SF	<.01	<.01	<.01 (−.03)	.15	.28		.05	.17	.02 (−.02)
CKD stage	.42	.55		.21	.24		.94	.96
CKD duration	.03	.05	.02 (−.001)	.57	.97		.56	.89
Adjusted R ²			.10			.02			.05

	7. Navigating healthcare system			8. Find good health information			9. Understand health information
	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB	Uni	MA	MaB
	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)	p	p	p (beta)
Female	<.01	.04	.03 (−.21)	<.01	<.01	<.01 (−.36)	.02	.21	.02 (−.22)
Age	.99	.68		.04	.10		.19	.42
Education	.01	.12		<.01	.02	.02 (.23)	<.01	.05	.02 (.22)
Low income	.08	.91		.04	.69		.13	.55
Living alone	.11	.45		.02	.57		.12	.77
Medications	<.01	.14	<.01 (−.04)	<.01	.22	<.01 (−.04)	<.01	.09	<.01 (−.04)
Comorbidity	.08	.40		.02	.50		.03	.65
BDI‐SF	<.01	.06	.03 (−.02)	.02	.15		.01	.06
CKD stage	.84	.71		.68	.10		.95	.55
CKD duration	.84	.71		.88	.72		.97	.55
Adjusted R ²			.11			.16			.12

Abbreviations: Adjusted R ², adjusted R squared; BDI‐SF, Beck Depression Inventory Short Form; CKD stage, stage of chronic kidney disease; CKD duration, duration of chronic kidney disease in months; Comorbidity, presence of comorbidity (no/yes); Education, higher education (no/yes); MA, multiple regression including all independent variables; MaB, multiple regression analysis after stepwise backward elimination; Medications, number of prescribed medications; beta, unstandardized coefficient; Uni, univariate analysis.